표제지
목차
Abstract 10
제1장 서론 12
제2장 선박에서 기인한 대기오염 배출물과 규제 동향 14
2.1. 기후변화의 심각성 14
2.2. 선박으로부터 배출되는 대기오염 물질 16
2.3. 질소산화물(NOx) 17
2.3.1. 질소산화물의 유해성 17
2.3.2. 규제 동향 18
2.4. 황산화물(SOx) 22
2.4.1. 황산화물의 유해성 22
2.4.2. 규제 동향 22
2.4.3. 저감 방안 24
2.5. 입자상 물질(PM) 33
2.5.1. 입자상 물질의 유해성 33
2.5.2. Black Carbon(BC)의 개념 34
2.5.3. 규제 동향 35
2.5.4. 저감 방안 37
2.6. 이산화탄소(CO₂) 42
2.6.1. 이산화탄소의 유해성 42
2.6.2. 규제 동향 43
2.6.3. 저감 방안 47
2.7. 기타 배출물질 52
2.7.1. 일산화탄소(CO) 52
2.7.2. 탄화수소(HC) 52
제3장 NOx 생성원리 및 배출저감 기술 현황 55
3.1. NOx 생성원리 55
3.2. 선박용 디젤기관의 NOx 배출 특성 56
3.3. NOx 배출저감 기술 동향 59
3.3.1. 배기가스재순환(EGR) 60
3.3.2. SCR 시스템(Selective Catalystic Reduction system) 63
3.3.3. 연료분사제어(Fuel injection control) 67
제4장 배기 배출물 비교 분석 75
4.1. 실험 방법 75
4.1.1. 대상 선박 75
4.1.2. 측정 장비 76
4.1.3. 측정 방법 77
4.2. 계측결과 및 고찰 79
제5장 결론 85
참고문헌 86
Table 2.1. MARPOL Annex VI NOx emission limits Tier date NOx limit 20
Table 2.2. IMO SOx emission control standard 23
Table 2.3. EU SOx emission control standard 23
Table 2.4. CARB SOx emission control standard 23
Table 2.5. MEPC BC emission control trend 36
Table 2.6. Green ship technologies 51
Table 3.1. N0x reduction treatment for marine diesel engine 59
Table 4.1. General Particulars of T/S HANBADA 75
Table 4.2. Fuel oil specification 76
Table 4.3. Specification of gas analyzer (Testo 450-XL) 76
Fig. 2.1. IMO NOx emission control standard 20
Fig. 2.2. SOx emission control time line 24
Fig. 2.3. Price graph HFO versus MGO(2010-2014) 25
Fig. 2.4. Classification of ship's scrubber 26
Fig. 2.5. Open loop system (Hamworthy Krystallon) 27
Fig. 2.6. Closed loop system (Wartsila) 29
Fig. 2.7. Hybrid system(Aalorg Industries) 30
Fig. 2.8. Dry system(Couple systems) 31
Fig. 2.9. Element composition of diesel PM 33
Fig. 2.10. Distribution of diesel PM 34
Fig. 2.11. Sea water scrubber system 39
Fig. 2.12. Schematic diagram of DPF 40
Fig. 2.13. Plasma+ DPF system 41
Fig. 2.14. Cause of green house effect 42
Fig. 2.15. CO₂ emission reduction technologies 48
Fig. 2.16. Green ship : Samsung 48
Fig. 2.17. Green ship: Hanjin 해운 49
Fig. 2.18. CO₂ emission reduction scenario(NYK 2030) 49
Fig. 2.19. Development prediction of green ship technologies 50
Fig. 2.20. Sectional air fuel ratio for atomized diesel fuel oil 53
Fig. 3.1. Typical NOx emission 56
Fig. 3.2. NOx emission status(2 Stroke, MAN) 57
Fig. 3.3. NOx emission status(2 Stroke, Wartsila) 57
Fig. 3.4. Relative change in SFOC and NOx at 75 % load 58
Fig. 3.5. Schematic diagram of EGR 61
Fig. 3.6. EGR system 62
Fig. 3.7. EGR(Exhaust Gas Recirculation) 62
Fig. 3.8. Relation between NOx & SFOC on EGR system 63
Fig. 3.9. Principle of SCR system 64
Fig. 3.10. SCR system process 64
Fig. 3.11. SCR system layout 65
Fig. 3.12. Needed minimum temperature at SCR inlet to avoid ammonia sulphate formation 66
Fig. 3.13. SCR system layout 67
Fig. 3.14. Reduction principle of emission by improving combustion 68
Fig. 3.15. Mode-change demonstration on a 7S50ME-C engine at 75 load 68
Fig. 3.16. Cylinder pressure of mechanical control mode at 75% load 71
Fig. 3.17. Cylinder pressure of electronic control mode at 75% load 71
Fig. 3.18. Comparison of fuel injection pressure & shape at each control mode(ME & MC) 73
Fig. 3.19. Fuel injection profile at each control mode 74
Fig. 4.1. Fuel injection profile & cylinder pressure of Economy mode on 7S50ME-C engine at 75% load 77
Fig. 4.2. Fuel injection profile & cylinder pressure of Emission mode on 7S50ME-C engine at 75% load 78
Fig. 4.3. Specific fuel oil consumption on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 79
Fig. 4.4. Mean P-max on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 80
Fig. 4.5. P-θ diagram on economy mode at 100 rpm 80
Fig. 4.6. P-θ diagram on emission mode at 100 rpm 81
Fig. 4.7. Mean exhaust gas temperature on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 81
Fig. 4.8. Scavenging air pressure on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 82
Fig. 4.9. NOx concentration on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 82
Fig. 4.10. CO concentration on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 83
Fig. 4.11. CO concentration on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 83
Fig. 4.12. O₂ concentration on each injection mode according to M/E rpm 84