표제지
목차
Nomenclature 6
Abstract 14
제1장 서론 17
1.1. 연구배경 및 필요성 17
1.2. 최근 연구 동향 23
1.3. 연구의 목적과 범위 26
제2장 프란시스 수차의 설계 개요 및 필요성 29
2.1. 프란시스 수차 특성 29
2.2. 프란시스 수차의 구조 30
2.3. 프란시스 수차 설계 이론 38
2.4. 프란시스 수차의 설계와 성능 검증 46
2.4.1. 수력 설계 46
2.4.2. 수차 설계 47
2.4.3. 프란시스 수차의 성능시험 49
2.4.4. 수치해석법 51
2.5. 직접설계법 65
제3장 프란시스 수차 기본설계 69
3.1. 프란시스 수차의 러너 설계 69
3.1.1. 러너 입구 설계 70
3.1.2. 러너 출구 설계 72
3.1.3. 러너 주요 치수의 결정 74
3.1.4. 설계 유량의 결정 및 속도삼각형 작도 74
3.1.5. 러너의 외형치수 결정 76
3.2. 프란시스 수차의 가이드베인 설계 82
3.3. 프란시스 수차 주요 구성품 설계 91
3.3.1. 스테이베인 설계 91
3.3.2. 케이싱 설계 92
3.3.3. 케이싱 입구에서 스테이베인 입구 흐름 설계 94
3.3.4. 흡출관 설계 95
3.3.5. 수차축의 설계 97
3.4. 기본설계방안 제시 결과 102
제4장 프란시스 수차 상세설계 104
4.1. 설계항목 결정 104
4.2. 러너 형상 결정 106
4.2.1. Inlet angle 결정 107
4.2.2. Port area를 이용한 Outlet angle 결정 107
4.2.3. 계산을 통한 Outlet angle 결정 110
4.2.4. 러너 형상 결정 111
4.3. 가이드베인 설계 123
4.4. 케이싱과 스테이베인의 설계 125
4.5. 최적 배치안 결정 및 흡출관 형상 결정 128
4.6. 수치해석용 3차원 형상 결정 131
4.7. 상세설계방안 제시 결과 134
제5장 프란시스 수차 성능해석 136
5.1. 내부 유동해석에 따른 수차모델 성능해석 136
5.1.1. 성능특성 137
5.1.2. 내부 손실 검토 138
5.1.3. 블레이드에서의 유선분포 138
5.1.4. 가이드베인 개도에 따른 성능 검토 139
5.2. 캐비테이션 성능 147
5.3. 구조안정성 검토 149
5.3.1. 연성해석 모델 및 격자계 149
5.3.2. 해석조건 150
5.3.3. 해석결과 151
5.4. 실험용 수차 제작 및 설치 159
5.5. 프란시스 수차 성능시험 164
5.5.1. 성능시험설비 재현성 시험 164
5.5.2. 성능시험 결과 165
5.6. 성능시험 수행 결과 170
제6장 직접설계법을 적용한 소수력발전용 프란시스 수차의 고성능화 173
6.1. 수차 설계의 간소화 174
6.2. 손실 요소 관리 178
제7장 결론 181
참고문헌 184
Table 2.1. Specification of test facilities in K-water 50
Table 2.2. Numerical methods and boundary conditions 52
Table 2.3. Difference of 1 pitch analysis and full domain analysis 67
Table 3.1. Stress value of each material 87
Table 3.2. Spiral casing type selection table 93
Table 3.3. Draft tube selection table 95
Table 4.1. Specification of francis turbine design 104
Table 4.2. Measuring data of equivalent flow rate diameter and runner... 108
Table 4.3. Calculating & measuring data of the runner outlet velocity... 109
Table 4.4. Calculating data of peripheral velocity and outlet angle 111
Table 4.5. Comparison of the outlet angle in the Francis... 111
Table 4.6. Comparison of design data by calculation & Calibration 125
Table 4.7. Design specifications of Francis Turbine 131
Table 5.1. Data of using material 150
Table 5.2. Comparison of francis runner manufacturing process 160
Fig. 1.1. Shape of Francis turbine 21
Fig. 1.2. Status of Francis turbine installation in domestic market 21
Fig. 1.3. Annual hydro power energy supply in Korea 22
Fig. 1.4. Status of small hydro power in Korea 22
Fig. 2.1. Types of hydro turbine according to specific speed 34
Fig. 2.2. Francis turbine casing 35
Fig. 2.3. Francis turbine guide vane 35
Fig. 2.4. Francis turbine runner 36
Fig. 2.5. Francis turbine draft tube 36
Fig. 2.6. Stay vane & Stay ring 37
Fig. 2.7. Guide ring & Servo motor 37
Fig. 2.8. Meridional shape of runner 44
Fig. 2.9. Section drawing in runner blade 44
Fig. 2.10. Velocity triangles in runner (inlet & outlet) 45
Fig. 2.11. Shape of runner according to specific speed 45
Fig. 2.12. Internal flow according to flow-rate, head, rotational speed 45
Fig. 2.13. Procedure of hydraulic design 55
Fig. 2.14. Hydraulic design flowchart for Francis turbine 55
Fig. 2.15. Scheme view of test facilities in K-water 56
Fig. 2.16. Plan view of test facilities in K-water 56
Fig. 2.17. Hydro turbine test facilities control program in K-water 57
Fig. 2.18. Detail view of test facilities in K-water 58
Fig. 2.19. Exampels of 1 pitch analysis using CFD 59
Fig. 2.20. 3D fluid domain of the francis turbine... 60
Fig. 2.21. BladeGen Templates 60
Fig. 2.22. BladeGen GUI 61
Fig. 2.23. Conceptual diagram of FSI 61
Fig. 2.24. Numerical mesh for the Francis turbine components 62
Fig. 2.25. Result of internal flow using 1 pitch analysis 63
Fig. 2.26. Row chart of the Blade shape decision process 64
Fig. 2.27. Example of outflow angle calibration to 90˚ 64
Fig. 2.28. Flow chart of the Francis turbine Direct design method 68
Fig. 3.1. Sectional view of guide vane & runner blade 78
Fig. 3.2. Meridional shape of the francis turbine runner 78
Fig. 3.3. Velocity triangle in runner outlet 79
Fig. 3.4. Partial turbine in runner passage 79
Fig. 3.5. Velocity triangle in runner inlet for β₁ 80
Fig. 3.6. Velocity triangle without blade in outlet 80
Fig. 3.7. Velocity triangle with blade in outlet 81
Fig. 3.8. φ, Kcp, Kca selection table(이미지참조) 81
Fig. 3.9. Diameter of guide vane center & number of guide vane selection... 88
Fig. 3.10. Velocity triangle in guide vane outlet 89
Fig. 3.11. Conceptual view of guide vane control 89
Fig. 3.12. Conceptual view of guide vane control mechanism 90
Fig. 3.13. Side view of guide vane 90
Fig. 3.14. View of guide vane arm 90
Fig. 3.15. View of guide vane pin 90
Fig. 3.16. Design point of stay vane 98
Fig. 3.17. Francis turbine casing design 98
Fig. 3.18. View of casing 99
Fig. 3.19. Length selection table for casing 99
Fig. 3.20. Dimension of casing and stay vane arrangement 100
Fig. 3.21. Hs selection table in draft tube 100
Fig. 3.22. Outlet velocity selection table 101
Fig. 3.23. Francis turbine draft tube design 101
Fig. 4.1. Flow chart of the Francis turbine runner design 114
Fig. 4.2. Meridional shape and dimensions of the Francis turbine 114
Fig. 4.3. Velocity triangle of the ns200 Francis turbine runner(이미지참조) 115
Fig. 4.4. Drawing for equivalent flow rate decision process 115
Fig. 4.5. Drawing for & Outlet diameter decision process 116
Fig. 4.6. Velocity triangle in range ①-② for port area decision process 116
Fig. 4.7. Velocity triangles for port area decision process in equivalent flow... 117
Fig. 4.8. Velocity triangles for port area and outlet angle decision process in... 117
Fig. 4.9. Flow chart of the francis turbine runner design by CFD 118
Fig. 4.10. 1 pitch fluid domain of the francis turbine for CFD calculation 118
Fig. 4.11. Result of CFD head in different cases 119
Fig. 4.12. Selected cases with different port area 119
Fig. 4.13. Meridional velocity at exit of runner 120
Fig. 4.14. Outflow angle distribution at exit of runner 120
Fig. 4.15. Whole view of 6 cases of runner 121
Fig. 4.16. Streamline distribution in the draft tube 122
Fig. 4.17. Recalculated turbine casing for manufacture 127
Fig. 4.18. Turbine casing design with stay vane 127
Fig. 4.19. Stay vane & Guide vane arrangement of new design 130
Fig. 4.20. Schematic view of francis turbine for experimental 130
Fig. 4.21. View of Volumetric hole located in turbine cover & runner side 133
Fig. 4.22. Selected runner, guide vane, stay vane, casing, draft tube 133
Fig. 5.1. Performance curve of the francis turbine at design guide vane opening 140
Fig. 5.2. Relationship between unit flow and unit speed 141
Fig. 5.3. Hill chart of the francis turbine by CFD analysis 141
Fig. 5.4. Torque loss in the clearance gap 142
Fig. 5.5. Schematic view of leakage in francis turbine 142
Fig. 5.6. Streamline distribution on the runner blade by load 143
Fig. 5.7. Velocity vectors distribution of francis turbine 144
Fig. 5.8. Streamline distribution in draft tube 144
Fig. 5.9. Streamline on blade surface 145
Fig. 5.10. Performance curve of the francis turbine at flow rate variation 146
Fig. 5.11. Cavitation analysis on the runner blade 148
Fig. 5.12. Streamline distribution on the runner blade by load 148
Fig. 5.13. Modeling for Huid-Structure Interaction 153
Fig. 5.14. View of numerical mesh for FSI 153
Fig. 5.15. Pressure distribution of francis turbine 154
Fig. 5.16. Pressure load on main components 154
Fig. 5.17. Result of FSI on casing 155
Fig. 5.18. Result of FSI on turbine cover 156
Fig. 5.19. Result of FSI on stay vane 157
Fig. 5.20. Result of FSI on runner 158
Fig. 5.21. Manufacturing process of welding type francis runner 162
Fig. 5.22. Parts of model francis turbine for test 162
Fig. 5.23. Measurement of guide vane gap 163
Fig. 5.24. Model francis turbine performance test 163
Fig. 5.25. Reproducibility test for frauds turbine model test data acquisition 167
Fig. 5.26. Performance curve by guide vane open angle of ns200 francis...(이미지참조) 168
Fig. 5.27. Hill chart of ns200 francis turbine(이미지참조) 168
Fig. 5.28. Characteristic curve of ns200 francis turbine run away speed test(이미지참조) 169
Fig. 5.29. View of rope cavitation in draft tube 169
Fig. 5.30. Comparison of results of CFD and Experiment 172
Fig. 6.1. Procedure of Direct design for francis turbine 176
Fig. 6.2. Comparison of outflow angle distribution with 1 pitch and full domain 177
Fig. 6.3. Comparison of loss analysis with 1 pitch and full domain 177
Fig. 6.4. Loss analysis of francis turbine 180