표제지
목차
Abstract 9
국문초록 11
제1장 서론 12
1.1. 연구 배경 12
1.2. 연구 목적과 방법 13
제2장 F-LNG의 천연가스 전처리 공정과 부산물 15
2.1. F-LNG 15
2.2. F-LNG 상측(Topside) 천연가스 처리 공정과 부산물 18
2.2.1. 수은 제거 공정(Mercury Removal Unit, MRU) 20
2.2.2. 산성 가스 처리 공정(Acid Gas Removal Unit, AGRU) 21
2.2.3. 수분 제거 공정(De-hydration Unit) 23
2.2.4. 천연가스 액상 추출(NGLs Extraction) 26
2.2.5. 질소 제거 공정(N2 Rejection Unit) 29
2.3. 헬륨 추출(Helium Extraction) 31
2.3.1. 헬륨의 중요성 31
2.3.2. 헬륨의 추출 과정 및 정제 33
제3장 헬륨 추출 공정 분석 37
3.1. 헬륨 추출 공정 37
3.2. 헬륨 추출 원리 41
3.3. 헬륨 추출 방식별 공정 특성 분석 47
3.3.1. 플래싱 방식(Flashing Based Processes) 47
3.3.2. 증류 방식(Distillation Based Processes) 50
3.3.3. 플래싱과 증류의 통합 방식(The Integration of Flashing and Distillation) 56
3.3.4. 헬륨 추출 공정별 장, 단점 60
3.3.5. 헬륨 추출량 61
제4장 헬륨의 가치 예측 65
4.1. 헬륨 수급 전망 65
4.2. 헬륨 가치 예측 69
4.2.1. 헬륨 가격, 소모량, 생산량간의 상호 연관성 확인 74
4.2.2. 시계열 분석을 통한 미래 예측 76
4.3. F-LNG의 헬륨 생산에 따른 추가 수익 계산 84
4.3.1. F-LNG 모델 선정 84
4.3.2. 헬륨 생산으로 인한 추가 수익 85
제5장 결론 86
참고문헌 89
부록 94
부록 A. 헬륨의 가격, 소모량, 생산량의 회귀분석 94
부록 B. 헬륨 가격의 시계열 분석 99
[Table 2.1] Comparison of F-LNG vs onshore LNG plant 17
[Table 2.2] Raw gas composition by region 21
[Table 2.3] Characteristic of chemical and physical solvents 23
[Table 2.4] Comparison of the physical properties of desiccants used for... 25
[Table 3.1] Composition of feed gas for simulation 62
[Table 3.2] Produced crude helium of helium extraction processes 63
[Table 3.3] Unit conversions applicable to helium and natural gas 64
[Table 4.1] Helium statistics from U.S. Geological Survey 70
[Table 4.2] Correlation coefficient chart 75
[Table 4.3] Model summary chart 75
[Table 4.4] ANOVA Chart 75
[Table 4.5] Coefficient chart 75
[Table 4.6] Collinearity chart 76
[Table 4.7] Autocorrelation chart before smoothing 78
[Table 4.8] Autocorrelation chart after smoothing 79
[Table 4.9] Model Statistics chart 80
[Table 4.10] Parameter for exponential smoothing model 81
[Table 4.11] Estimated price per tonne of helium from 2016 to 2030 82
[Table 4.12] F-LNG project liquefaction licensor and capacity 84
[Table 4.13] Revenue from helium extraction 85
[Fig. 2.1] General arrangement for topside facilities on F-LNG 15
[Fig. 2.2] Onshore LNG plant and offshore F-LNG 16
[Fig. 2.3] Topside process flow line and relations of hull of typical F-LNG 18
[Fig. 2.4] Conventional process of N₂/He extraction from LNG plant 20
[Fig. 2.5] The structure and formular for amines 22
[Fig. 2.6] TEG absorption dehydration scheme 24
[Fig. 2.7] Scheme of the temperature swing adsorption dehydration process 25
[Fig. 2.8] Drawing of AET process NGL technology's NGL extraction 26
[Fig. 2.9] Cryogenic expansion process to extract NGLs 28
[Fig. 2.10] Separated by fractionation into individual hydrocarbon liquids 29
[Fig. 2.11] Process diagram for typical nitrogen rejection unit 30
[Fig. 2.12] Helium consumption by end user 32
[Fig. 2.13] Separation process for helium recovery 34
[Fig. 2.14] Purifying process for crude helium 35
[Fig. 2.15] World largest liquid helium tank container 36
[Fig. 3.1] Overview of LNG process and location of helium concentration... 38
[Fig. 3.2] A typical helium extraction unit 39
[Fig. 3.3] Typical helium recovery unit 40
[Fig. 3.4] Type of helium extraction process from LNG 41
[Fig. 3.5] End-flash composition concerning end-flash pressure level 42
[Fig. 3.6] Helium collection rate concerning end-flash pressure level 43
[Fig. 3.7] Helium mole fraction versus end-flash condensing temperature 44
[Fig. 3.8] Helium extraction rate versus end-flash condensing temperature 44
[Fig. 3.9] Process flow diagram of the APCI flashing process 47
[Fig. 3.10] Process flow diagram of the Linede flashing process 49
[Fig. 3.11] Process flow diagram of APCI distillation process 51
[Fig. 3.12] Integration of an LNG liquefier,(NRU and HeXU) 52
[Fig. 3.13] Process flow diagram of the Technip distillation process 54
[Fig. 3.14] Process flow diagram of the re-boiled distillation process 55
[Fig. 3.15] Process flow diagram of the Linde integration process 57
[Fig. 3.16] Process flow diagram of the Exxon Mobil integration process 59
[Fig. 3.17] The effect of feed gas composition on helium extraction rate 63
[Fig. 4.1] World Consumption of Helium 67
[Fig. 4.2] Helium supply and demand forecast 68
[Fig. 4.3] Trend of helium from 1936 to 2015 72
[Fig. 4.4] Screen shot for SPSS coding 73
[Fig. 4.5] Sequence chart for unitvalue 77
[Fig. 4.6] Residual of ACF, PACF 81
[Fig. 4.7] Forecast trend of unitvalue(price) by 2030 82
[Fig. 4.8] UCL and LCL are included estimated price trend graphs 83