표제지
목차
Nomenclature 17
Abstract 22
제1장 서론 28
1.1. 연구배경 및 동향 28
1.2. 종래의 연구 30
1.3. 연구의 목적 32
제2장 LNG의 국가별 특성 34
2.1. LNG 수송공정 34
2.2. 우리나라에 도입되는 LNG의 국가별 조성 36
2.3. LNG의 국가별 열물성 특성 37
제3장 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정설계 46
3.1. LNG-FSRU 재기화시스템의 종류 46
3.2. 기존 재기화시스템의 공정설계 개념 51
3.3. 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 기본 공정설계 개념 53
3.3.1. 냉열회수용 재기화시스템 구성을 위한 작동유체 선정 60
3.3.2. 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정설계 조건 62
3.3.3. 공정 시스템의 해석 66
3.4. 1단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정설계 70
3.4.1. 1단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 개념 70
3.4.2. 작동유체별 1단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 성능 분석 73
3.5. 2단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정설계 83
3.5.1. 2단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 개념 83
3.5.2. 작동유체별 2단 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 성능분석 86
3.6. 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 엑서지손실 분석 94
3.7. 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 LNG 조성별 열효율 분석 101
3.8. 결과 및 고찰 105
제4장 PaCER 시스템이 추가된 냉열회수용 재기화시스템의 공정설계 107
4.1. 가스연료공급 및 냉열회수 공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정설계 개념 107
4.1.1. 가스추진선박용 엔진의 메탄가 109
4.1.2. 메탄가가 엔진성능에 미치는 영향 115
4.2. 메탄가 향상을 위한 중탄화수소 분리공정 시스템 117
4.2.1. 분리공정 시스템 개념 117
4.2.2. 압력 및 온도변화가 메탄가에 미치는 영향 119
4.3. PaCER 재기화시스템의 메탄가 분석 123
4.4. PaCER 재기화시스템의 효율 분석 134
4.5. 결과 및 고찰 140
제5장 냉열회수공정을 갖춘 재기화시스템의 공정배관 내 LNG 유동양식 예측 142
5.1. LNG 배관 시스템 142
5.2. LNG 조성별 유동경계 모델식 145
5.2.1. 기포류 유동경계 모델식 145
5.2.2. 환상류 유동경계 모델식 148
5.3. 유동경계 예측 선도 분석 151
5.3.1. 기포류 유동경계 예측 선도 분석 151
5.3.2. 환상류 유동경계 예측 선도 분석 155
5.4. 상변화 유동경계 예측 선도 분석 160
5.5. 결과 및 고찰 165
제6장 PaCER 시스템의 효용성 비교 분석 168
6.1. 효용성 비교 분석 조건 168
6.2. 효용성 비교 분석 결과 173
6.3. 결과 및 고찰 182
제7장 결론 184
참고문헌 187
Table 1.1. Number of LNG-FSRU and forecast 29
Table 1.2. Typical composition of the LNGs imported from seven countries 37
Table 3.1. Available vaporization method according to ship motion 47
Table 3.2. Types of LNG vaporization units 48
Table 3.3. Candidates of working fluids for ORC operating with LNG heat... 62
Table 3.4. Physical properties of working fluids 64
Table 3.5. Assumption used in process simulation 65
Table 3.6. Required pressure for several application of NG 66
Table 3.7. Calculation methods applied to exergy analysis 69
Table 3.8. The equations applied to energy analysis of the system 72
Table 3.9. Comparison of single-stage regasification system characteristics... 81
Table 3.10. The equations applied to energy analysis of the system 85
Table 3.11. Comparison of two-stage regasification system characteristics... 92
Table 3.12. Comparison of net output increase range by LNG composition ratio 104
Table 5.1. Assumption used in flow analysis in pipe 144
Table 6.1. The parameters used in economic analysis 170
Table 6.2. Equipment cost for each of cold energy recovery cycles 171
Table 6.3. Capital investment cost functions of various components 172
Fig. 2.1. LNG transportation process 34
Fig. 2.2. Comparisons of the variations of LNG density with temperature... 42
Fig. 2.3. Comparisons of the variations of LNG enthalpy with temperature... 42
Fig. 2.4. Comparisons of the variations of LNG entropy with temperature... 43
Fig. 2.5. Comparisons of the variations of LNG heat capacity with temperature... 43
Fig. 2.6. Comparisons of the variations of LNG viscosity with temperature... 44
Fig. 2.7. Comparisons of the variations of LNG conductivity with temperature... 44
Fig. 2.8. Comparisons of the variations of LNG volume ratio with temperature... 45
Fig. 3.1. Simplified schematics of LNG vaporizers 47
Fig. 3.2. Scheme of previous regasification system 51
Fig. 3.3. Simplified schema of the basic regasification system 52
Fig. 3.4. Basic PFD of LNG-FSRU regasification with HYSYS 52
Fig. 3.5. Schema of the direct expansion open cycle 57
Fig. 3.6. Schema of the Rankine cycle 57
Fig. 3.7. Schema of the RC + DEC cycle 58
Fig. 3.8. The concept of ORC 59
Fig. 3.9. Temperature-Entropy(T-s) diagram of ORC 59
Fig. 3.10. Exergy and anergy of Carnot cycle 68
Fig. 3.11. PFD of single-stage cold energy recovery system modelled with HYSYS 71
Fig. 3.12. T-s diagram of the single-stage cold energy recovery system 72
Fig. 3.13. Saturation pressure according to temperature of working fluids 78
Fig. 3.14. Mass flow according to temperature of working fluids 78
Fig. 3.15. Vapor fraction according to temperature of working fluids 79
Fig. 3.16. Turbine size according to temperature of working fluids 79
Fig. 3.17. Net power output according to temperature of working fluids 80
Fig. 3.18. Thermal efficiency according to temperature of working fluids 80
Fig. 3.19. Exergy efficiency according to temperature of working fluids 81
Fig. 3.20. Exergy loss of each equipment 82
Fig. 3.21. Total exergy loss of working fluids 82
Fig. 3.22. PFD of two-stage cold energy recovery system process modelled with... 84
Fig. 3.23. T-s diagram of the two-stage cold energy recovery system 85
Fig. 3.24. Saturation pressure according to temperature of working fluids 89
Fig. 3.25. Mass flow according to temperature of working fluids 89
Fig. 3.26. Vapor fraction according to temperature of working fluids 90
Fig. 3.27. Net power output according to temperature of working fluids 90
Fig. 3.28. Turbine size factor according to temperature of working fluids 91
Fig. 3.29. Thermal efficiency according to temperature of working fluids 91
Fig. 3.30. Exergy efficiency according to temperature of working fluids 92
Fig. 3.31. The heat transfer curve in vaporizer(E-100) for the single-... 93
Fig. 3.32. The heat transfer curve in vaporizer(E-100, E-103) for the two-... 93
Fig. 3.33. Exergy loss for each system component(basic type) 97
Fig. 3.34. Exergy loss for each system component(single-stage type) 97
Fig. 3.35. Exergy loss for each system component(two-stage type) 98
Fig. 3.36. Exergy loss & useful effect of basic type 99
Fig. 3.37. Exergy loss & useful effect of single-stage type 99
Fig. 3.38. Exergy loss & useful effect of two-stage type 100
Fig. 3.39. Pump power and turbine output according to heat source... 103
Fig. 3.40. Thermal efficiency according to heat source temperature 103
Fig. 4.1. Process design of PaCER system 108
Fig. 4.2. Schematic of LNG storage tank 109
Fig. 4.3. Relationship between MN and MON 113
Fig. 4.4. Comparisons of the MN & MON for the LNGs produced by... 114
Fig. 4.5. Impact of Methane number on power factor 116
Fig. 4.6. Impact of Methane number change on NOx emissions 116
Fig. 4.7. Schematic of heavy hydrocarbon remover system 118
Fig. 4.8. Phase envelope diagram 118
Fig. 4.9. Effect of the change of turbine outlet pressure on the methane... 121
Fig. 4.10. Effect of the change of turbine outlet temperature on the... 122
Fig. 4.11. Mole composition according th the change of vaporizer outlet... 122
Fig. 4.12. PFD of cold energy recovery system process with single-stage... 129
Fig. 4.13. PFD of cold energy recovery system process with two-stage... 130
Fig. 4.14. Effect of the change of turbine outlet pressure on the MN &... 131
Fig. 4.15. Comparison of Vapor fraction & methane mole composition... 131
Fig. 4.16. Comparison of separation efficiency according to turbine outlet... 132
Fig. 4.17. Comparison of MN & vapor fraction by mole composition... 132
Fig. 4.18. Comparison of vapor fraction & capacity of HEX according to... 133
Fig. 4.19. Effect of the change of turbine outlet pressure on the MN &... 133
Fig. 4.20. Effect of the change of turbine pressure ratio on the MN &... 137
Fig. 4.21. Comparison of thermal efficiency by cold energy recovery... 137
Fig. 4.22. Comparison of exergy efficiency by cold energy recovery... 138
Fig. 4.23. Comparison of thermal efficiency by stage type according to... 138
Fig. 4.24. Comparison of exergy efficiency by stage type according to... 139
Fig. 5.1. Typical flow behaviors in a cryogenic pipe 144
Fig. 5.2. Effects of saturation pressures on the flow boundaries among... 153
Fig. 5.3. Effects of pipe diameters on the flow boundaries among the... 153
Fig. 5.4. Effects of pipe inclinations on the flow boundaries among the... 154
Fig. 5.5. Effects of different regions on the flow boundaries among the... 154
Fig. 5.6. The flow boundaries from intermittent flow to annular flow for... 157
Fig. 5.7. Effects of saturation pressures on the flow boundaries from... 157
Fig. 5.8. Effects of pipe diameters on the flow boundaries from... 158
Fig. 5.9. Effects of pipe inclinations on the flow boundaries from... 158
Fig. 5.10. Effects of different regions on the flow boundaries from... 159
Fig. 5.11. Flow boundaries of LNG, methane, R11 and R134a with phase... 163
Fig. 5.12. Flow boundaries of LNG, methane, ethane, propane, butane and... 163
Fig. 5.13. Flow boundaries of LNG, methane, ethane, propane, butane and... 164
Fig. 5.14. Flow boundaries of LNG, methane, ethane, propane, butane and... 164
Fig. 6.1. Net power according to seawater temperature by cycle type 178
Fig. 6.2. EPC according to seawater temperature by cycle type 178
Fig. 6.3. ATNI & Cost per year according to seawater temperature by... 179
Fig. 6.4. ATNI according to interest rate by cycle type 180
Fig. 6.5. ATNI according to electricity price by cycle type 180
Fig. 6.6. ATNI according to operating period by cycle type 181
Fig. 6.7. ATNI according to capacity of LNG-FSRU by cycle type 181