표제지
國文草綠
목차
제1장 서론 17
제1절 연구의 배경 및 목적 17
제2절 연구내용 및 범위 21
제2장 이론적 고찰 23
제1절 바이오디젤(Biodiesel) 23
1. 바이오디젤의 개요 23
2. 바이오디젤의 장·단점 26
제2절 에스터 교환반응(Transesterification) 28
1. 에스터 교환반응의 개요 28
2. 염기 촉매를 이용한 에스터 교환반응 30
3. 산 촉매를 이용한 에스터 교환반응 33
4. 비균질계 고체촉매를 이용한 에스터 교환반응 35
5. 효소촉매를 이용한 에스터 교환반응 37
제3절 바이오디젤의 원료 39
1. 음식물류 폐기물 39
2. 하수슬러지 41
제4절 바이오연료의 지속가능성(Sustainability) 평가 44
제3장 연구방법 및 내용 47
제1절 연구재료 47
1. 음식물류 폐기물 47
2. 하수슬러지 48
3. 주요 시약 및 기타 50
제2절 연구방법 53
1. 실험방법 53
2. 분석방법 61
3. 바이오디젤의 지속가능성 평가 71
제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 76
제1절 회분식 반응을 통한 최적의 바이오디젤 생성조건 선정 76
1. 음식물류 폐기물과 하수슬러지의 최적 혼합비 76
2. 에스터 교환반응을 위한 조건 선정 79
제2절 바이오디젤의 생성 및 특성 91
1. 지질 추출 및 메틸화를 통한 2-step 바이오디젤의 생성 및 특성 91
2. In-situ 에스터 교환반응을 통한 1-step 바이오디젤 생성 및 특성 102
제3절 바이오디젤의 지속가능성 평가 117
1. 바이오디젤의 순에너지 균형분석 117
2. 바이오디젤의 전과정 환경영향 평가 121
3. 바이오디젤의 온실가스 배출량 산정 129
4. 음식물류 폐기물 및 하수슬러지 바이오디젤의 지속가능성 평가 132
제5장 결론 134
References 138
Abstract 154
Table 2.1. Fuel property of diesel and biodiesel 24
Table 2.2. Comparison of different catalysts for biodiesel production 38
Table 3.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of food waste 48
Table 3.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of sewage sludge (tested 3 times) 49
Table 3.3. Components of Supelco 37 FAME mix, 100 mg neat 51
Table 3.4. Experimental mixing ratio with food waste and sewage sludge 54
Table 3.5. Quality properties of biodiesel 60
Table 3.6. Operating condition of GC/FID in this study 62
Table 3.7. Operating condition of GC/MSD in this study 63
Table 4.1. Lipid yield and concentration of triglyceride related to mixing... 76
Table 4.2. Major components of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 81
Table 4.3. Major components of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 85
Table 4.4. Major components of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 89
Table 4.5. Major components of fatty acid methyl ester after 2-step... 92
Table 4.6. Major component of fatty acid methyl ester after 2-step... 94
Table 4.7. Major component of fatty acid methyl ester after 2-step... 95
Table 4.8. Quality analysis of 2-step biodiesel generation with food waste... 98
Table 4.9. Quality analysis of 2-step biodiesel generation with food waste 100
Table 4.10. Quality analysis of 2-step biodiesel generation with sewage... 101
Table 4.11. Major component of fatty acid methyl ester after 1-step... 103
Table 4.12. Major component of fatty acid methyl ester after 1-step... 105
Table 4.13. Major component of fatty acid methyl ester after 1-step... 106
Table 4.14. Quality analysis of 1-step biodiesel generation with food... 111
Table 4.15. Total fatty acid methyl ester with solvent mixing ratio 113
Table 4.16. Quality analysis of 1-step biodiesel generation with food... 114
Table 4.17. Quality analysis of 1-step biodiesel generation with sewage... 115
Table 4.18. Net energy ratio and renewability of biodiesel production with several sources 118
Table 4.19. Potential environmental impacts on 1 ton of biodiesel production with palm 123
Table 4.20. Potential environmental impacts on 1 ton of biodiesel production with soybean 124
Table 4.21. Potential environmental impacts on 1 ton of biodiesel production with food waste and sewage sludge 125
Table 4.22. CO₂ emission and reduction of biodiesel production with several sources 130
Fig. 1.1. Flowchart of this study 22
Fig. 2.1. Synthetic scheme of biodiesel 24
Fig. 2.2. Transesterification reaction of glyceride with methanol 29
Fig. 2.3. Saponification of triglyceride 30
Fig. 2.4. Neutralization of free fatty acid 31
Fig. 2.5. Mechanism of transesterification with base catalyst 32
Fig. 2.6. Esterification of free fatty acid 33
Fig. 2.7. Mechanism of transesterification with acid catalyst 34
Fig. 2.8. The mechanism of transesterification with Heterogenous base... 36
Fig. 2.9. General lipid isolation system from food waste 40
Fig. 2.10. Phospholipid from... 42
Fig. 2.11. Structure of Phosphatidyl ethanol amine 42
Fig. 3.1. Chromatogram peaks of FAME standard 50
Fig. 3.2. Soxhlet extraction method and methylation 57
Fig. 3.3. In-situ transesterification 59
Fig. 3.4. Flowchart for net energy balance in this study 72
Fig. 4.1. Concentration of glyceride related to mixing ratio with... 78
Fig. 4.2. Yield of biodiesel with various acid catalysts 80
Fig. 4.3. Chromatogram peaks of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 82
Fig. 4.4. Yield of biodiesel with temperature and time of... 84
Fig. 4.5. Chromatogram peaks of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 86
Fig. 4.6. Yield of biodiesel related to ratio between solvent... 88
Fig. 4.7. Chromatogram peaks of fatty acid methyl ester after the... 90
Fig. 4.8. Fractions of fatty acid methyl ester with biodiesel by 2-step generation 96
Fig. 4.9. Fractions of fatty acid methyl ester with biodiesel by 1-step generation 107
Fig. 4.10. Comparison of GC/MS spectrums ,(a) 2-step biodiesel... 108
Fig. 4.11. Concentration of monoglyceride related to solvent... 112
Fig. 4.12. Comparison with input and output energy during biodiesel... 119
Fig. 4.13. Environmental impact of photochemical oxidation... 126
Fig. 4.14. Environmental impact of acidification with biodiesel... 126
Fig. 4.15. Environmental impact of ecotoxicity with biodiesel... 127
Fig. 4.16. Environmental impact of human toxicity with... 127
Fig. 4.17. Environmental impact of eutrophication with... 128
Fig. 4.18. Comparison with CO₂ emission with diesels and biodiesels 131