Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 9
1.1. Background and necessity 9
1.2. Purpose 11
1.3. Hypothesis 12
2. Theoretical Background 13
2.1. Anatomic Structure of the Cervical 13
2.2. Muscles of the Cervical 14
2.3. Deep cervical flexor muscle 15
2.4. Neck pain 17
2.5. General characteristics of patients with neck pain 19
2.6. Cranio-Cervical flexion exercise 19
2.7. Measurement of neck muscle by ultrasonography 20
2.8. Normal curve of cervical 21
2.9. Forward head posture 22
3. Method 23
3.1. Subjects 23
3.2. Experimental procedures 24
3.3. Study method 26
3.3.1. Cranio-cervical flexion exercise of gaze directions and pressure levels 26
3.3.2. Measurement of muscle thickness 28
3.4. Analysis method 31
4. Result 32
4.1. General characteristics 32
4.2. Thickness variation of deep cervical flexion muscles according to the angle of inferior gaze and pressure level 33
4.3. Thickness variation of sternocleidomastoids according to angle of inferior gaze and pressure level 37
4.4. Thickness variation of deep neck flexion muscles according to angle of lateral gaze and pressure level 40
4.5. Thickness variation of sternocleidomastoid according to angle of lateral gaze and pressure level 44
4.6. Thickness variation of deep neck flexion muscles according to pressure level at the angle of the inferior and lateral gaze 47
4.7. Thickness variation of sternocleidomastoid according to pressure level at the angle of the inferior and lateral gaze 49
5. Discussion 52
6. Conclusion 55
II. List of references 57
III. List of abbreviations 69
VII. Appendix : 국문요약 74
VI. Appendix 75
Table 1. General Characteristics 32
Table 2. Comparison of deep cervical flexor muscle thickness in levels of cervical pressure... 34
Table 3. Comparison of deep cervical flexor muscle thickness in levels of same cervical pressure to four... 34
Table 4. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness in levels of cervical pressure according to four... 38
Table 5. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness at 28 mmHg cervical pressure to four different eye... 39
Table 6. Comparison of deep cervical flexor muscle thickness in levels of cervical pressure... 41
Table 7. Comparison of deep cervical flexor muscle thickness in levels of the same cervical pressure to... 42
Table 8. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness in levels of cervical pressure according to four... 45
Table 9. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness at 20 mmHg cervical pressure to four different eye... 45
Table 10. Comparison of deep cervical flexor muscle thickness in the direction of gaze according to five levels... 48
Table 11. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness in direction of gaze according to five levels of neck... 50
Figure 1. Flow chart 25
Figure 2. Pressure biofeedback unit (Chattanooga, USA) 27
Figure 3. Cranio-cervical flexion exercise 27
Figure 4. Measurement of muscle thickness 29
Figure 5. Inferior gaze (pressure 20 mmHg) 29
Figure 6. Lateral gaze (pressure 20 mmHg) 30
Figure 7. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (inferior)... 35
Figure 8. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (inferior)... 35
Figure 9. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (inferior)... 36
Figure 10. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (inferior)... 36
Figure 11. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness variation by difference line of sight (inferior) angle at... 39
Figure 12. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (lateral)... 42
Figure 13. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (lateral)... 43
Figure 14. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (lateral)... 43
Figure 15. Comparison of deep cervical flexor thickness variation by difference in line of sight (lateral)... 43
Figure 16. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness variation by difference in line of sight (lateral) angle at... 46
Figure 17. Comparison of deep neck flexion muscle thickness variation by inferior/lateral direction at 22... 49
Figure 18. Comparison of deep neck flexion muscle thickness variation by inferior/lateral direction at 26... 49
Figure 19. Comparison of SCM muscle thickness variation by inferior/lateral direction at 20 mmHg. 51