The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychological states of kickers according to the order of kicking and situations in penalty shoot-out with players who experienced penalty shoot-out among the soccer players belonging to the college and business teams. The psychological changes occurring according to the degree of tension of players will be examined and analyzed and based on the results, basic data for ordering of kickers and psychological skill training programs will be prepared.
In order to achieve the goal, from among the college and business team players who have been registered with the Korea Football Association, had at least seven years of experience as a player, had experience in competitions recognized by the Korean Football Association, and had at least two times of experience as the kicker of the same turn in penalty shoot-out, 35 players consisting of 7 players each of the first turn through the fifth turn were selected and inductive analysis was conducted through open questionnaires. Through the study process and procedure as such, the following results were obtained.
First, the results of analysis of psychological states according to orders of kickers assigned in soccer penalty shoot-out indicate that diverse psychological states appeared according to game situations. As the psychological states in situations where the kicker was assigned to the first turn, confidence for success, cognitive tension and anxiety, physical anxiety, and psychological control strategization appeared and in situations where the kicker was assigned to the second turn, confidence for success, cognitive tension and anxiety, physical anxiety, and psychological control strategization appeared. In situations where the kicker was assigned to the third turn, confidence for success, cognitive tension and anxiety, and psychological control strategization appeared, and in situations where the kicker was assigned to the fourth turn, tension and anxiety and psychological control strategization appeared. In situations where the kicker was assigned to the fifth turn, confidence for success, tension and anxiety, and psychological control strategization appeared. In particular, tension and anxiety commonly appeared frequently in every order of kickers.
Second, the result of the analysis of psychological states according to penalty shoot-out situations in football games indicated that diverse psychological states appeared. As psychological states in situations where the relevant team was winning, conviction of success, cognitive tension and anxiety, physical anxiety, psychological and behavioral control strategization appeared, and in situations where the relevant team was bring defeated, cognitive tension and anxiety, physical anxiety, psychological and behavioral control strategization, and enhancement of confidence appeared. In situations where the game was a tie, conviction of success, tension and anxiety, and psychological and behavioral control strategization appeared. Tension and anxiety commonly appeared at high frequencies in all game situations.
Third, the results of analysis of the degrees of tension in different turns of kicking and game situations (winning, losing, and tie) indicated that the degree of tension varied according to the turns of kicking and game situations. That is, as for the degrees of tension according to the turn of kicking, the fifth kicker showed the highest degree of tension followed by the fourth kicker, the second kicker, the first kicker, and the third kicker in order of precedence. The fourth kicker showed clearly lower degree of tension compared to the fifth kicker but the second, first, and third kickers should similar degrees of tension.
In addition, as for the degrees of tension according to game situation (winning, losing, tie), the highest degree of tension was shown in situations where the team was losing the game followed by situations where the game was a tie and situations where the relevant team was winning the game in order of precedence. The degree of tension in situations where the game was a tie was shown to be similarly high to the situations where the team was losing the game, higher than the overall average.