Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 11
1.1. Background and Necessity 11
1.2. Purpose 12
1.3. Hypotheses 13
2. Theoretical Background 14
2.1. Cervical Spine 14
2.1.1. Anatomical Structure of the Cervical Spine 14
2.1.2. Alignment of the Cervical Spine 17
2.1.3. Cervical spine kinematics: Functional Anatomy and Mechanics 19
2.2. Cervical Spine Disorders: ICF Classification 24
2.2.1. Cervical spine Instability 24
2.2.2. Cervical Radiculopathy 28
2.3. Nerve mobilization 30
2.4. Cervical Traction mobilization 34
3. Methods 40
3.1. Subjects 40
3.2. Process of the Research 43
3.3. Intervention 45
3.3.1. K-E ICST with nerve mobilization 45
3.3.2. K-E ICTT with nerve mobilization 47
3.3.3. Conservative physical therapy 49
3.4. Clinical Measurements 50
3.4.1. Pain 50
3.4.2. Neck disability 51
3.4.3. Range of motion 52
3.4.4. Craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) 53
3.4.5. Passive intervertebral motion, PIVM 54
3.5. Statistical Analysis 60
4. Results 61
4.1. General characteristics of the subjects 61
4.2. Comparison of the Pain Score between the Two Groups 63
4.3. Comparison of the NDI between the Two Groups 64
4.4. Comparison of the ROM between the Two Groups 65
4.4.1. Comparison of flexion between two groups 65
4.4.2. Comparison of extension between two groups 66
4.4.3. Comparison of right side bending between two groups 67
4.4.4. Comparison of left side bending between two groups 68
4.4.5. Comparison of right rotation between two groups 69
4.4.6. Comparison of left rotation between two groups 70
4.5. Comparison of the CCFT between the two Groups 71
4.6. Comparison of the quantity PIVM between the two groups 72
4.6.1. Comparison of the quantity PPIVM between the two groups 72
4.6.2. Comparison of the reactivity PPIVM between the two Groups 73
4.6.3. Comparison of the quantity PAIVM between the two Groups 74
4.6.4. Comparison of the reactivity PAIVM between the two Groups 75
5. Discussion 76
6. Conclusion 79
List of references 80
List of abbreviations 88
국문요약 92
Appendix 94
Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects 62
Table 2. Comparison of pain between two groups 63
Table 3. Comparison of NDI between two groups 64
Table 4. Comparison of Flexion between two groups 65
Table 5. Comparison of Extension between two groups 66
Table 6. Comparison of right side bending between two groups 67
Table 7. Comparison of left side bending between two groups 68
Table 8. Comparison of right rotation between two groups 69
Table 9. Comparison of left rotation between two groups 70
Table 10. Comparison of the CCFT between two groups 71
Table 11. Comparison of the Quantity PPIVM between two groups 72
Table 12. Comparison of the reactivity PPIVM between two groups 73
Table 13. Comparison of the quantity PAIVM between two groups 74
Table 14. Comparison of the Reactivity PAIVM between two groups 75
Figure 1. Cervical spine segmental Flexion - Extension 20
Figure 2. segmental cervical rotation (degrees) and cervical spine ROM: lateral flexion in one direction 21
Figure 3. Flow chart of the Entire Experimental Procedure 44
Figure 4. K-E ICST with nerve mobilization 46
Figure 5. K-E ICTT with neural mobilization 48
Figure 6. Modality treatment 49
Figure 7. Visual Analog Scale 50
Figure 8. Range of motion 52
Figure 9. Craniocervical flexor test 53
Figure 10. Cervical passive physiologic intervertebral motion test.1,2 56
Figure 11. Cervical passive physiologic intervertebral motion test. 3 57
Figure 12. Cervical passive accessory intervertebral motion test. 1 58
Figure 13. Cervical passive accessory intervertebral motion test 2,3. 59
Figure 14. Comparison of VAS between two groups. 63
Figure 15. Comparison of NDI between two groups. 64
Figure 16. Comparison of flexion between two groups. 65
Figure 17. Comparison of extension between two groups. 66
Figure 18. Comparison of right side bending between two groups 67
Figure 19. Comparison of left side bending between two groups 68
Figure 20. Comparison of right rotation between two groups 69
Figure 21. Comparison of left rotation between two groups 70
Figure 22. Comparison of the CCFT between two groups 71
Figure 23. Comparison of the quantity PIVM 72
Figure 24. Comparison of the reactivity PPIVM between two groups 73
Figure 25. Comparison of the quantity PAIVM between two groups 74
Figure 26. Comparison of the reactivity PAIVM between two groups 75