Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Nomenclatures 15
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 17
1.1. Background and motivation 17
1.2. Thesis Outline 19
Chapter 2. Outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) Path Loss 20
2.1. Propagation mechanisms 20
2.1.1. Free-space loss (FSL) 21
2.1.2. Diffraction 21
2.1.3. Multipath propagation 21
2.1.4. Penetration 22
2.1.5. Fading effect 22
2.2. Prediction Models 23
2.2.1. ITU-R BEL Model 23
2.2.2. 3GPP O2I Building penetration loss model 27
2.2.3. COST 231 Model 28
2.2.4. Model Analysis 30
Chapter 3. Proposed BEL measurement scenarios 31
3.1. First measurement campaign: BEL measurements for the heavy industrial factory 31
3.1.1. Environment and scenario 31
3.1.2. Measurement setup 33
3.2. Second measurement campaign: BEL measurements over a nLoS path 36
3.2.1. Environment and scenario 36
3.2.2. Measurement setup 38
3.3. Measurement system 40
Chapter 4. Model development of the heavy industrial factory 43
4.1. Measurement results 43
4.1.1. Measured BEL values 43
4.1.2. Frequency dependency of the BEL 45
4.2. BEL modeling for the heavy industrial factory 47
4.2.1. Parameter Extraction 1 (μ₁) 47
4.2.2. Parameter Extraction 2 (μ₂, σ₁, and σ₂) 51
4.2.3. Parameter Analysis 57
Chapter 5. Model development of the RP on the nLoS environments 60
5.1. Measurement results 60
5.1.1. Measured BEL values 60
5.1.2. Calculation of the RP on the nLoS path 61
5.1.3. Contribution analysis of an EL and RP 63
5.2. Prediction method of the RP on the nLoS environment 67
5.2.1. Comparison distribution (σ) 67
5.2.2. Extraction of the RP 69
5.2.3. Measurement guide method 71
Chapter 6. Conclusion and future works 72
6.1. Concluding remarks 72
6.2. Future work 73
Publications 74
References 75
Table 2.1. Coefficients of the ITU-R BEL model 26
Table 2.2. Material loss characteristics 28
Table 3.1. System parameters for the BEL measurements in the heavy industrial factory 35
Table 3.2. Measurement system parameters over the LoS and nLoS path 40
Table 3.3. Estimation parameters 42
Table 4.1. Summarized mu and sigma 55
Table 4.2. Summarized model coefficient 57
Table 4.3. Statistical analysis difference of quadratic regression model, μ₁ 58
Table 4.4. Statistical analysis difference of linear regression σ₁, μ₂ and σ₂ 59
Table 5.1. Comparison of parameters 67
Table 5.2. Summary of σ values 69
Figure 2.1. Propagation mechanisms 20
Figure 2.2. Signal fading representation 23
Figure 2.3. Geometry of BEL measurement method 24
Figure 2.4. Example of a possible wall layout at one single floor 29
Figure 3.1. Exterior views of the building (left, front, and right side) 31
Figure 3.2. Factory interior floor plan (a), and various machinery and equipment (b). 32
Figure 3.3. BEL measurement scenario of the heavy industry factory (a), Tx and Rx position... 33
Figure 3.4. Tx (a) and Rx (b) setup at the outdoor and indoor, respectively 34
Figure 3.5. BEL measurement points of the Tx, Rx (reference) and Rx (indoor) 35
Figure 3.6. Measurement site and surrounding environments (Google Earth) (a), and the... 37
Figure 3.7. Images of the port when the ship is anchored (a), and when it is empty (b) 38
Figure 3.8. Measurement scenario for the LoS and nLoS path 39
Figure 3.9. Link distance from Tx to Rx (a), and a conceptual diagram of local averaging... 42
Figure 4.1. Location dependency of the median BEL at frequency of 3 GHz (a), 6 GHz (b),... 44
Figure 4.2. CDF characteristics of the BEL at all frequencies 45
Figure 4.3. Frequency dependency of the BEL at 10, 50 and 90 percentile levels of CDF 46
Figure 4.4. Sorted data with logarithmic scale parameters 48
Figure 4.5. Data Analysis toolbox in Excel (a), and Regression window (b) 49
Figure 4.6. Regression analysis result; Statistical summary output (a), line fit plot (b), and... 50
Figure 4.7. CDF plot display in Distribution Fitter tool (a), result summary at 6 GHz (b) 53
Figure 4.8. Plotted fit line of Lognormal 1 (a), and Combined Lognormal (b) 54
Figure 4.9. Line fit plot of μ2 (a), σ1 (b), and σ2 (c) 56
Figure 5.1. CDF characteristics of the measured BEL on the LoS and nLoS path at 3 GHz... 61
Figure 5.2. CDF characteristics of the BEL, CL, RP and EL 65
Figure 5.3. Comparison of standard deviation, σ, and RP W-Ship at between all... 68
Figure 5.4. Comparison of line fit plot of the RP W-Ship at between all measurement results... 70