Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 4
국문초록 5
Chapter 1. Introduction 9
1.1. Oil spills in the environment 9
1.2. Aim 14
1.3. Dissertation structure 15
Chapter 2. Background 16
2.1. Methodology 16
2.2. Volume of international maritime trade 20
2.3. World ship fleets 27
2.4. Korean fleets 29
Chapter 3. Results and discussion 32
3.1. Trends in spill numbers and volume 32
3.1.1. Distribution of spill numbers and volumes 34
3.1.2. Oil spills from all sources 40
3.2. Relationship between key factors and spill numbers and volumes 43
3.2.1. Fishing boats with cause of oil spills 44
3.2.2. Fishing boats with high frequency of accidents 51
3.2.3. Spills volumes of Tankers vs. Non-tankers 56
Chapter 4. Conclusion 59
References 61
Table 1. Estimated Average Annual Inputs of Oil, in Metric Tonnes... 10
Table 2. Examples of causes of the accident in oil spills in Korea,... 19
Table 3.1. Development of International Maritime Trade, Selected... 22
Table 3.2. World economic growth 2018-2021 24
Table 4. Merchant fleet by type of ship (Dead weight tons in thousands)... 28
Table 5. Gross tonnage of ships in Korea by vessel type 30
Table 6. Number of ships in Korea by vessel type totals (2004-2019) 31
Table 7. Numbers of accidental oil spills (≥1 liter) per decade from all... 33
Table 8. Annual trade of crude oil and petroleum (10³b/d) products in... 35
Table 9. Annual number and quantity of oil spills (1980-2020) 36
Table 10. Annual number and quantity of oil spills(〉7tonnes) 39
Table 11. Number of oil spills by type of sources in Korea (1980-2020) 40
Table 12. Volumes of oil spills by type of sources in Korea (1993-2020) 42
Table 13. Occupancy (%) of fishing boats in the annual number of... 46
Table 14. Number of oil spills by cause per decade (1980-2020) 48
Table 15. Number of oil spills by cause in Korea (1980-2020) 49
Fig. 1. Estimated Average Annual Inputs of Oil, in Metric Tonnes per Year (tonnes/yr. or... 10
Fig. 2. Spills 7 tonnes and over per decade showing the influence of a relatively small... 11
Fig. 3. Spills 1 liter and over per decade showing the influence of a relatively small number... 13
Fig. 4. World seaborne oil trade-metric tons in millions (1970-2019) 20
Fig. 5. World Oil Supply and Demand (1971-2019) 21
Fig. 6. Development of international maritime trade and global output (2006-2020) 23
Fig. 7. International maritime trade, by region, 2019 (Percentage share in total tonnage) 25
Fig. 8. Development of international maritime trade by cargo type, selected years (Index:... 26
Fig. 9. World fleet by vessel type-millions of dead-weight tons (1980-2021) 27
Fig. 10. Fleets in Korea by vessel type-gross tons(2004-2019) 29
Fig. 11. Ships in Korea by vessel type-gross tons(2004-2019) 29
Fig. 12. Numbers of accidental oil spills (≥1 liter) per decade from all sources are given... 32
Fig. 13. Number of medium (7-700 tonnes) and large (〉700 tonnes) spills per decade (1980-2020) 33
Fig. 14. Number of oil spills over the volume of spills in Korea (1980-2020) 34
Fig. 15. Quantities of oil split over the trade of crude oil and petroleum in Korea(1980-2020) 35
Fig. 16. Frequency of oil split in Tankers (1980-2020) 37
Fig. 17. Quantities of oil split in Tankers vs. world seaborne oil trade, 1980-2020. 38
Fig. 18. Number of oil spills by type of sources in Korea (1980-2020) 40
Fig. 19. Occupancy (%) of fishing boats in the number of marine oil spills in Korea for 40... 41
Fig. 20. Trends in number of oil spills by sources in Korea for 40 years (1980-2019) 43
Fig. 21. Comparison of the number of oil spills and the number by source of spills (1980-2019). 44
Fig. 22. Comparison of the number of oil spills and the number by source of spills (1980-2019). 45
Fig. 23. Occupancy (%) of causes of oil spills by fishing boats in Korea (1980-2020) 46
Fig. 24. Number of oil spills by cause per decade showing the influence of both negligence... 47
Fig. 25. Number of spills less than 1kl spills showing the correlation with the number of... 50
Fig. 26. Number of oil spills by fishing boats showing the correlation with causes (negligence... 52
Fig. 27. Number of fishing boats in Korea showing the change in production and tonnage... 53
Fig. 28. Number of registered fishing boats in Korea in 2019, compiled by authors. 54
Fig. 29. Number of fishing boats affecting number of less than 1kl spills (1994-2019) 55
Fig. 30. Spill volumes of Tanker vs. Non-tankers in Korea (1993-2019) 56
Fig. 31. Occupancy (%) of tankers in the number of marine oil spills versus non-tankers in... 57
Fig. 32. Volume of marine oil spills by sources in Korea (1993-2020). 58