Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background of the Study 13
1.2. Significance and Purpose of the Study 15
1.3. Structure of the Study 18
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 20
2.1. Current Issues in Communicative Language Teaching at Korean Elementary Schools 20
2.2. Willingness to Communicate (WTC) 21
2.2.1. Definition of WTC 22
2.2.2. Evolution of the WTC Models 24
2.3. Language Learning Affects 38
2.3.1. Communication Anxiety 39
2.3.2. L2 Learning Motivation 41
2.3.3. International Posture 45
2.4. Communication Related Variables 46
2.4.1. Self-Perceived Communication Competence 47
2.4.2. Frequency of Communication in L2 48
2.4.3. L2 Proficiency 50
2.5. WTC in Online Environments 52
2.6. Summary 58
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 59
3.1. Research Questions 59
3.2. Participants and Setting 60
3.3. Instruments 65
3.3.1. Willingness to Communicate Scale 65
3.3.2. Communication Anxiety 66
3.3.3. English Learning Motivation 69
3.3.4. International Posture 70
3.3.5. Self-Perceived Communication Competence 71
3.3.6. Frequency and Amount of Communication in English 73
3.3.7. Focus Group Interview 75
3.4. Procedure 78
3.5. Data Analysis 90
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 92
4.1. A Comparison on L2 WTC Between Online and Offline Classes 92
4.2. The Relation Between the Language Learning Affects and On/Offline L2 WTC 94
4.2.1. Communication Anxiety 96
4.2.2. English Learning Motivation 102
4.2.3. International Posture 106
4.3. The Relationship Between the Communication Related Variables and On/Offline L2 WTC 109
4.3.1. Self-Perceived Communication Competence 110
4.3.2. Frequency and Amount of Communication in English 113
4.3.3. English Proficiency 115
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 118
5.1. Summary of the Study 118
5.2. Pedagogical Implications 123
5.3. Limitations and Suggestions 129
REFERENCES 132
Appendices 144
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 159
Table 1. The Six Variables of WTC 34
Table 2. Age of the Participants 61
Table 3. Gender of the Participants 61
Table 4. Proficiency Levels of the Participants 62
Table 5. Cronbach's α of the Instruments 75
Table 6. The Guide Questions for the Semi-Structured Interviews 77
Table 7. The Procedure for the Data Collection 78
Table 8. Description on the Online Classes 81
Table 9. Description on the Face-to-Face Classes 86
Table 10. The Paired t-test Between Online and Offline L2 WTC 92
Table 11. Descriptive Statistics on the Language Learning Affects 94
Table 12. Correlation Between L2 WTC and the Language Learning Affects 96
Table 13. Correlation Between L2 WTC and the Communication Variables 110