Title Page
Abstract
Contents
List of Symbols 10
List of Abbreviations 11
1. Introduction 12
1.1. Background and Objective of Study 12
1.2. Composition of Study 16
2. Prior Research and Theoretical Background 18
2.1. Literature Review 18
2.2. Relevant Air Pollutant Emission Regulations 20
2.2.1. South Korea 22
2.2.2. Other Countries 26
2.3. Comparison of Air Pollutant Emission Calculation Methods 31
2.3.1. Emission Calculation Method through Fuel Consumption 32
2.3.2. Method for Calculating Emissions based on Marine Cargo Capacity 33
2.3.3. Statistics Method 34
2.3.4. Power Method 36
3. Calculation of Air Pollutant Emissions and Environmental Costs 39
3.1. Research Subjects and AIS Data Pre-processing 39
3.1.1. Research Subjects 39
3.1.2. AIS Data Pre-processing 39
3.2. Apply Bottom-Up Calculation Model 42
3.2.1. Calculation of Emissions under Ship Navigation Status 45
3.2.2. Calculation of Emissions under Ship Moored Status 50
3.3. Selection of Environmental Cost Factors for Air Pollutants 53
3.3.1. Concept of Environmental Costs 53
3.3.2. Selection of Environmental Costs Factor 54
4. Estimation Results of Air Pollutant Emissions and Analysis of Environmental Costs 56
4.1. Emission Analysis of Air Pollutants 56
4.1.1. Emission Analysis by Ship Type 56
4.1.2. Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions per DWT for Each Ship Type 59
4.1.3. Analysis of Emissions of Different Air Pollutants 61
4.2. Environmental Cost Analysis of Air Pollutants 64
5. Conclusion and Future Work 67
5.1. Conclusion of the Study 67
5.2. Limitations of the study and Future Work 68
References 72
Table 1. Container Throughput of Other Major World Ports 15
Table 2. Global Emission Control Area Schedule 21
Table 3. Seven Guideline to Support the Implementation of EEXI and CII 22
Table 4. Measures to Directly Reduce Ship's Greenhouse Gas Emissions 23
Table 5. Measures to Support Ship Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Activities 24
Table 6. Ship Exhaust Emission Control Measures 30
Table 7. Calculation Method of Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions (The darkness of squares indicates the unknown contents) 38
Table 8. Tanker and Bulk Carriers' Air Resistance Coefficient 47
Table 9. SFOC Values for Main Engines 50
Table 10. Emission Factors of Different Air Pollutants 50
Table 11. Auxiliary Engine emission Factor in Moored Status 52
Table 12. Max Auxiliary Engine Power for Different Ship Types 52
Table 13. Environmental Costs Factor Corresponding to Different Air Pollutants 55
Table 14. Air Pollutant Emissions of Different Ship Types under Navigation Status 57
Table 15. Air Pollutant Emissions of Different Ship Types under Moored Status 57
Table 16. Total Emissions of Air Pollutants from Different Ship Types 58
Table 17. Emissions of Different Types of Air Pollutants under Navigation Status 62
Table 18. Emissions of Different Types of Air Pollutants under Moored Status 62
Table 19. Total Emissions of Different Types of Air Pollutants 63
Table 20. Environmental Costs of Different Air Pollutants under Navigation Status 64
Table 21. Environmental Costs of Different Air Pollutants under Moored Status 65
Table 22. Total Environmental Costs of Different Air Pollutants 65
Figure 1. Analysis Domain of the Study 14
Figure 2. Research Flowchart of the Study 17
Figure 3. Dataset loaded by Matlab 41
Figure 4. Air Pollutant Emission Calculation Flowchart 44
Figure 5. Kinematic Viscosity of Seawater 46
Figure 6. The Percentage of Emission for Different Types of Ship 59
Figure 7. Gas Emissions for per DWT of Different Ship Types 60
Figure 8. The Emission Amount for Types of Air Pollutants 63