Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
Acronyms 14
1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. Research Objectives 15
1.2. Background 17
1.3. Scope 27
1.4. Significance of the Research 29
1.5. Organization of the Thesis 29
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 32
2.1. Global Population Growth and Urbanization 32
2.2. Urbanization and Land Use Land Cover Changes 34
2.3. Land Use Land Cover Changes and Their Effect on the Land Surface Temperature 35
2.4. Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of LULC Changes 39
2.5. Spatiotemporal Data Retrieval and Processing 40
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 44
3.1. Research Design 45
3.2. Study Area 46
3.3. Extraction and Accuracy Assessment of Land Cover/Land Use 47
3.4. Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature 58
3.5. Statistical Analysis 61
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 63
4.1. Land Use and Land Cover Scenario Derived from Satellite Imagery 63
4.2. Relationship Between LULC Changes and Land Surface Temperatures 76
4.2.1. Spatial Pattern of LST Derived from Landsat Data 77
4.2.2. Degree of the Relationship Between LULC Changes and Land Surface Temperature 86
4.2.3. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 90
4.2.4. Other Factors Influencing LST Variations in an Urban Setting 94
4.3. Urban Heat Island and Its Socio-economic Drivers and/or Implications 96
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 99
5.1. Conclusion 99
5.2. Recommendations for the City 102
5.3. Recommendations for Future Studies 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY 106
초록 117
Table 1. List of barangays and the corresponding population (based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing) in Quezon City 21
Table 2. Comparative Land Use in Quezon City, 2000 & 2009 22
Table 3. Climates data for Science Garden, Quezon City (1991-2020) 26
Table 4. List of band designations for Landsat 5 and 8 42
Table 5. Summary of required data and data availability for the study 44
Table 6. Details of Landsat satellite images used in the study 48
Table 7. Identified classes of land use/land cover types in Quezon City generated from the supervised classification 54
Table 8. Template of error matrix report for LULC classification 57
Table 9. Accuracy Metrics 57
Table 10. List of the parameters and the respective equations used in the LST retrieval process 59
Table 11. Thermal band constants for Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 60
Table 12. NDVI class range 60
Table 13. Error matrix report of the classified LULC 69
Table 14. Summary of land surface temperature (℃) acquired for Quezon City in 2000, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2020 82
Table 15. Percent change (%) in mean LST (℃) in comparison to percent change in LULC area coverage (hectares) over Quezon City from 2000 to 2020 85
Table 16. Summary output of regression analysis of LULC class area-water against LST for years 2000 to 2020 86
Table 17. Summary output of regression analysis of LULC class area-vegetation against LST for years 2000 to 2020 87
Table 18. Summary output of regression analysis of LULC class area-open and non-vegetated against LST for years 2000 to 2020 88
Table 19. Summary output of regression analysis of LULC class area-built-up against LST for years 2000 to 2020 89
Table 20. Tabulated result of derived NDVI values from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS over Quezon City in 2000, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2020 91
Figure 1. Location map of Quezon City, Philippines 20
Figure 2. Illustrative maps of land use types in Quezon City in 2003 (left) and 2009 (right); (a) residential land use; (b) commercial land use 24
Figure 3. Illustrative maps of land use types in Quezon City in 2003 (left) and 2009 (right); (c) industrial land use; and (d) institutional land use 25
Figure 4. Research flow chart 31
Figure 5. Satellite image of Quezon City in 2000 as captured by the Google Satellite 36
Figure 6. Satellite images of Quezon City in 2004 as captured by Google Satellite 36
Figure 7. Satellite images of Quezon City in 2014 as captured by Google Satellite 37
Figure 8. Satellite images of Quezon City in 2016 as captured by Google Satellite 37
Figure 9. Satellite images of Quezon City in 2020 as captured by Google Satellite 38
Figure 10. Research design 45
Figure 11. Extraction and accuracy assessment of LULC obtained from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images 49
Figure 12. Color composite map generated for year 2000 using Landsat 5 TM 51
Figure 13. Color composite map generated for year 2004 using Landsat 5 TM 51
Figure 14. Color composite map generated for year 2014 using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 52
Figure 15. Color composite map generated for year 2016 using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 52
Figure 16. Color composite map generated for year 2020 using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 53
Figure 17. Randomly selected reference points for each classified image 55
Figure 18. Cross-checking of classified reference points in Google Earth Pro 56
Figure 19. Land surface temperature retrieval process 58
Figure 20. Process of statistical analyses of LST and LULC 62
Figure 21. Year 2000 land use and land cover map of Quezon City 64
Figure 22. Year 2004 land use and land cover of Quezon City 65
Figure 23. Year 2014 land use and land cover map of Quezon City 66
Figure 24. Year 2016 land use and land cover map of Quezon City 67
Figure 25. Year 2020 land use and land cover map of Quezon City 68
Figure 26. Area coverage (in hectares) of LULC classes in Quezon City in 2000, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2020 71
Figure 27. Percent change (%) in area coverage of LULC Classes in Quezon City from 2000 to 2020 72
Figure 28. Graphical representation of change in LULC class and the corresponding area change (in hectares) from 2000 to 2020 73
Figure 29. Map of change in LULC class and the corresponding area change from 2000 to 2020 74
Figure 30. Graphical and tabulated representation of climate data (℃) for Science Garden, Quezon City (1991-2020, extremes 1961-2020) 76
Figure 31. Spatial pattern of the land surface temperature of Quezon City in 2000 retrieved from Landsat 5 TM 77
Figure 32. Spatial pattern of the land surface temperature of Quezon City in 2004 retrieved from Landsat 5 TM 78
Figure 33. Spatial pattern of the land surface temperature of Quezon City in 2014 retrieved from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 79
Figure 34. Spatial pattern of the land surface temperature of Quezon City in 2016 retrieved from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 80
Figure 35. Spatial pattern of the land surface temperature of Quezon City in 2020 retrieved from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS 81
Figure 36. Land surface temperature (℃) derived from Landsat data for different LULC classes over Quezon City in 2000, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2020 84
Figure 37. Spatial distribution of NDVI class over Quezon City in 2000 (upper left), 2004 (upper middle), 2014 (upper right), 2016 (bottom left), and 2020 (bottom right) 91
Figure 38. Scatter plot between LST and NDVI for 2000, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2020 92
Figure 39. Pixel-level identification of areas with above mean LST for 2000, 2004, 2014, 2020, and 2016 (clockwise) 97