Title Page
Contents
요약 13
I. Introduction 14
II. Literature Review 17
2.1. BVOCs 17
2.1.1. Types of BVOCs 17
2.1.2. Estimation of emission rate 18
2.1.3. Generation mechanism 20
2.2. Major BVOCs 22
2.2.2. Isoprene 22
2.2.3. Monoterpene 24
III. Method and Materials 25
3.1. Research scope 25
3.1.1. Target tree species 25
3.1.2. Sampling sites and periods 28
3.1.3. BVOCs 29
3.2. Experimental setup 30
3.2.1. Enclosure chamber system 30
3.2.2. Experimental structure 32
3.3. Sampling 33
3.3.1. Equilibrium concentration 33
3.3.2. Sampling method 35
3.4. Analysis 37
3.4.1. Analysis equipment 37
3.4.2. Calibration curve 40
3.4.3. Recovery test 44
3.5. Standard emission rate and emission flux 45
3.5.1. Standard emission rate 45
3.5.2. Emission flux 48
IV. Results and Discussion 51
4.1. Evaluation of experimental systems 51
4.1.1. Blank test 51
4.1.2. Recovery test 53
4.2. Emission rate 54
4.2.1. Comparison of emission rate by urban forest species 54
4.2.2. Comparison of emission rate by forest species 57
4.2.3. Comparison of emission rate by sampling Site 60
4.2.4. Standard emission rate 63
4.3. Comparison of monoterpene ratios 67
4.4. Emission flux 69
4.4.1. Foliar biomass density 69
4.4.2. Comparison of emission flux by species 73
V. Conclusions 75
References 77
Table 2.1. Comparison of characteristics according to types of BVOCs 17
Table 2.2. Estimates of global emissions of BVOCs since 1960 19
Table 3.1. Forest area by age grade of major forest species 25
Table 3.2. Forest area by major tree species 26
Table 3.3. Planting Status of Street Tree Species in South Korea 27
Table 3.4. Sampling period and details by species 28
Table 3.5. Details of target BVOCs 29
Table 3.6. Operating conditions for ATD and GC-MS 38
Table 3.7. Target ion, reference ion, and retention time for quantitative analysis of BVOCs 39
Table 3.8. RSD and MDL on isoprene and monoterpene 43
Table 4.1. Correlation coefficient between emission rate of isorpene and monoterpene of urban forest species and environmental... 55
Table 4.2. Correlation coefficient between emission rate of isorpene and monoterpene of forest species and environmental... 58
Table 4.3. Classification of high / low emitter of target species 66
Table 4.4. Comparison of the estimated leaf area obtained by the equation and the actual leaf area value 71
Table 4.5. FBD values of 10 target species 72
Table 4.6. Emission flux of 10 target species 74
Fig. 1.1. Variations in ozone concentration in major cities in South Korea from 1989 to 2019 14
Fig. 2.1. Schematic diagram of BVOCs generation mechanism 21
Fig. 2.2. Isoprene structure. 23
Fig. 2.3. Monoterpene structures. 23
Fig. 3.1. Schematic diagram of enclosure chamber using Tedlar bag (left), and actual chamber (right) 30
Fig. 3.2. Schematic diagram of BVOCs sampling experiment using enclosure chamber system 32
Fig. 3.3. Schematic diagram of the equilibrium concentration reaching experiment 33
Fig. 3.4. Variation of benzene concentration in a chamber 34
Fig. 3.5. Adsorption trap installed in VOCs sampling pump 36
Fig. 3.6. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopic detectors (right) and auto thermal desorber (left) used in the experiment. 37
Fig. 3.7. Calibration curve of isoprene 41
Fig. 3.8. Calibration curve of monoterpene 42
Fig. 3.9. Schematic diagram of recovery rate test with three adsorption traps connected in series 44
Fig. 3.10. Broad-leaf leaf area measurement using a leaf area meter (LI-3100C Area Meter, LI-COR, USA) 49
Fig. 3.11. Classification of coniferous (P.densiflora) leaves by length for leaf area calculation 50
Fig. 3.12. Volumetric measurements of leaves of a coniferous tree (P. densiflora) using water 50
Fig. 4.1. Comparison of chamber blank, tube blank and standard gas 20mL adsorption peak area 52
Fig. 4.2. Result of recovery rate analysis (peak from 1st, 2nd, 3rd trap and re-desorption of 1st trap) 53
Fig. 4.3. Comparison of emission rate changes of isoprene and monoterpene (●) with time and environmental correction factor... 56
Fig. 4.4. Comparison of emission rate changes of isoprene and monoterpene (●) with time and environmental correction factor... 59
Fig. 4.5. Estimation graph of ERs of P. densiflora measured in AM and PU 61
Fig. 4.6. Estimation graph of ERs of A. palmatum measured in AM and PU 62
Fig. 4.7. Broad-leaf species of isoprene and monoterpene standard emission rate (30℃ and 1000 μmol m-2 s-1).[이미지참조] 64
Fig. 4.8. Coniferous species of isoprene and monoterpene standard emission rate (30℃ and 1000 μmol m-2 s-1).[이미지참조] 65
Fig. 4.9. Comparison of monoterpene ratios by species 67
Fig. 4.10. SLW graph of broad-leaf trees 69
Fig. 4.11. SLW graph of conifers 70