Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 14
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 17
1.1. Background of the Study 17
1.2. Definition of Terms 20
1.3. Statement of the Problem 24
1.3.1. Critique of the Coding Systems 24
1.3.2. Gaps in Literature 26
1.3.3. Statement of the Problem 33
1.4. Purpose of the Study 35
1.5. Research Questions 35
1.6. Overview of the Dissertation 36
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 38
2.1. Learner Initiative 38
2.2. Multimodal Communication Resources in Classroom Talk 46
2.2.1. Gestures in Language Classroom 47
2.2.2. Hand-Raising in Language Classroom 52
2.3. Conversation Analysis 56
2.4. CA and Second Language Acquisition 58
2.5. CA and Classroom Interaction 62
2.5.1. CA and Institutional Talk 63
2.5.2. CA and Classroom Interaction 65
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 85
3.1. Research Context 85
3.1.1. Early English Education in Korea 85
3.1.2. Research Setting 87
3.1.3. Participants 92
3.2. Classroom Observation Data 97
3.3. Transcription 100
3.4. Method of Analysis 110
CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 117
4.1. Learner-Initiated Sequences During Teacher-led activities 117
4.1.1. Displaying Knowledge of Words 117
4.1.2. Asking Questions in Question-Answer Sequences 127
4.1.3. Repair in Troubles-Telling Sequences 141
4.1.4. Discussion for RQ 1 148
4.2. Learners' Multimodal Resources in Teacher-Initiated Sequences 152
4.2.1. Gesture for Retrieving Words 153
4.2.2. Gesture for Acquiring a Turn 160
4.2.3. Gesture as the Answer 167
4.2.4. Gesture for Conveying Additional Information 177
4.2.5. Discussion for RQ 2 183
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 189
5.1. Major Findings 189
5.2. Implications 192
5.3. Suggestions for Further Studies 197
REFERENCES 200
APPENDICES 237
Appendix A. Consent forms 237
Appendix B. Transcription Conventions (Jefferson, 1983, 2004; Mondada, 2016) 245
Appendix C. Part transcript of the Lesson on the Topic of the World 247
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 254
[TABLE 1] Description of an After-School English Program at this Kindergarten 89
[TABLE 2] Teachers' Background 93
[TABLE 3] Description of Students 94
[TABLE 4] Types of Students' Private English Education 95
[TABLE 5] Students' Private English Education Exposure and Frequency 97
[TABLE 6] Description of Classroom Observation Data 98
[TABLE 7] The Number of Initiations 114
[TABLE 8] The Number of Summons-Answer sequences 114
[FIGURE 1] Sam's Gesture and Sandy's First Hand-Raising 55
[FIGURE 2] A Characterization of Research in "SLA" 61
[FIGURE 3] Classroom setting in 2021 90
[FIGURE 4] Classroom setting in 2022 90
[FIGURE 5] English Classroom and Camera Placement in 2021 99
[FIGURE 6] English Classroom and Camera Placement in 2022 100
[FIGURE 7] June's Pretending to Swing a Baseball Bat 107
[FIGURE 8] Kim's Hand-Raising 123
[FIGURE 9] What is Jeju? 126
[FIGURE 10] John's Hand-raising with TV Screen 132
[FIGURE 11] John's Hand-raising 133
[FIGURE 12] John's Pointing Gesture 134
[FIGURE 13] John's Pretending to Eat Gesture 135
[FIGURE 14] John's Reaction and Two Children's Hand-raising 135
[FIGURE 15] Sony's First Repair Initiation 143
[FIGURE 16] Sony's Second Repair Initiation 144
[FIGURE 17] Sony's Verbal Repair with Gesture 144
[FIGURE 18] Sony's Confirmation 145
[FIGURE 19] Mily's Finger Folding-Thumb 155
[FIGURE 20] Mily's Finger Folding-Completion 156
[FIGURE 21] Mily's Answer 156
[FIGURE 22] Kay's Gestures (Head) 158
[FIGURE 23] Kay's Gestures (Shoulders) 159
[FIGURE 24] Name Your Favorite Insect 160
[FIGURE 25] Hand-Raising 162
[FIGURE 26] Hand-raising and Jenny's Name Tag Lifting I 163
[FIGURE 27] Jenny's Name Tag Lifting II 164
[FIGURE 28] Jenny's Name Tag Lifting III 165
[FIGURE 29] Jenny's Name Tag Lifting IV 165
[FIGURE 30] Vicky's Name Tag Lifting 166
[FIGURE 31] Joe's "No" Gesture 170
[FIGURE 32] Hand-Raising, Indexing "Yes" 172
[FIGURE 33] Jay's Six Fingers 175
[FIGURE 34] Rob's Air Writing 175
[FIGURE 35] Teacher and Roy's Index Finger 179
[FIGURE 36] Roy's Index Finger for Spin 180
[FIGURE 37] Sean's Fanning Face with His Hands 182
[Extract 1] [제목없음] 41
[Extract 2] [제목없음] 43
[Extract 3] Monster? 43
[Extract 4] Bird! Bird! 44
[Extract 5] [제목없음] 53
[Extract 6] Bird! Bird! 54
[Extract 7] 202200610-112129-2304 Researcher's data 105
[Extract 8] [제목없음] 108
[Extract 9] 20220708-111354-1544 Spring! Summer! Fall! 118
[Extract 10] 20220610-111354-0613 Hop, Hop! 121
[Extract 11] 20220613-IMG0037-0948- Kim and Leo's Calling-Out Utterances 122
[Extract 12] 20220627-IMG0042-0502 Jeju! 125
[Extract 13] 20220722-112225-0553 Mosqui:no? 128
[Extract 14] 20211018-IMG0009-0909- John's Hand-Raising 130
[Extract 15] 20220722-115537-0220 mo-gi-ga yeong-eo-lo mwo-ye-yo? 137
[Extract 16] 20220722-112225-0343 Sony no! Teo! 142
[Extract 17] 20220715-112445- No Hungry! No Excited! 146
[Extract 18] 20220603-IMG0031-0034-Mily's Finger-Folding 154
[Extract 19] 202200620-115349-0403 Shoulder 157
[Extract 20] 20220722-112225- Hand-Raising and Name Tag Lifting 161
[Extract 21] 20220610-112129-02215 Yes or No! 168
[Extract 22] 202200610-112129-2504 Hand-Raising, Indexing "Yes" 171
[Extract 23] 20211020-111948-00950 Rob's Air Writing! 173
[Extract 24] 20220610-115151-00759 They spin 177
[Extract 25] 20220704-113754-00446 Fanning Face with Arms 181