Title Page
ABSTRACT
국문 초록
Contents
1. Introduction 16
1.1. Background 16
1.2. Objectives 21
2. Methodology 23
2.1. Road Dust Sampling 23
2.1.1. Size Separation 24
2.1.2. Magnetic Separation 25
2.2. PTEs Analysis 25
2.3. Spatial Variation, Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessments 26
2.4. PTEs Relative Contribution and Net Weight 28
2.5. Health Risk Assessment 29
3. Results 32
3.1. PTEs in Size-Fractionated Road Dust 32
3.1.1. Spatial Distribution 32
3.1.2. Pollution Assessments 35
3.1.3. Risk Assessments 43
3.2. PTEs in Magnetic-Separated Road Dust 48
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution 48
3.2.2. Pollution Assessments 55
3.2.3. Risk Assessments 60
4. Discussion 66
4.1. Spatial Variation Analysis 71
4.2. Pollution Assessment Analysis 73
4.2.1. Pollution Load Index (PLI) 73
4.2.2. Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo)[이미지참조] 74
4.3. Risk Assessment Analysis 75
4.3.1. Ecological Risk 75
4.3.2. Health Risk 76
4.4. Marine Environment Impact Analysis 78
4.5. Management Approach 80
5. Conclusions 86
References 88
Appendixes 103
Table 2.1. Key parameters in the health risk assessment of this study 31
Table 3.1. Mean values of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and the classification of PTEs pollution in different size fractions of road dust in this study.[이미지참조] 38
Table 3.2. Mean values of single factor ecological risk degree (Eri) of PTEs in the size-fractionated road dust of this study.[이미지참조] 44
Table 3.3. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic hazards for PTEs in the finest particle size fraction of road dust (〈63 μm). 46
Table 3.4. Carcinogenic risk (CR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of carcinogenic hazards for PTEs in the finest particle size fraction of road dust (〈63 μm). 47
Table 3.5. Mean values of single factor ecological risk degree (Eri) of PTEs in the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of road dust in this study.[이미지참조] 58
Table 3.6. Mean values of single factor ecological risk degree (Eri) of PTEs in the magnetic-separated road dust of this study.[이미지참조] 61
Table 3.7. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic hazards for adults of the PTEs in the magnetic and non-magnetic fraction of road dust. 63
Table 3.8. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic hazards for children of the PTEs in the magnetic and non-magnetic fraction of... 64
Table 3.9. Carcinogenic risk (CR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of carcinogenic hazards for adults of the PTEs in the magnetic and non-magnetic... 65
Table 3.10. Carcinogenic risk (CR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of carcinogenic hazards for children of the PTEs in the magnetic and non-magnetic... 65
Table 4.1. Summary of the mean (mg/kg), standard deviation, maximum (mg/kg), minimum (mg/kg), and coefficient of variation (%) of PTE concentrations of road... 68
Table 4.2. Comparison of the mean values of PTEs concentrations in different particle size fractions of road dust in this study and those in the other published data of Korea. (This study N=15). 70
Table 4.3. Spatial variation of the average PTEs concentrations in the different size and magnetic/non-magnetic fractions of road dust in the study. 72
Table 4.4. Spatial variation of the pollution load index of PTEs in the different size and magnetic/non-magnetic fractions of road dust in the study. 74
Table 4.5. Geoaccumulation index of PTEs in the different size and magnetic/non-magnetic fractions of road dust in the study. 75
Table 4.6. Ecological risk of PTEs in the different size and magnetic/non-magnetic fractions of road dust in the study. 76
Table 4.7. Average relative contribution percentage of PTEs in the different size and magnetic/non-magnetic fractions of road dust in the study. 81
Fig. 1.1. Graphical abstract. 20
Fig. 1.2. Schematic diagram. 21
Fig. 2.1. Sampling sites of road dust in the Changwon Industrial complex of South Korea (base map from Google Earth). 24
Fig. 3.1. Spatial distribution of PTEs concentrations in the finest particle size fraction of road dust (〈63 μm). 33
Fig. 3.2. Relative contribution percentages in the size-fractionated road dust. 36
Fig. 3.3. Spatial distribution of the pollution load index (PLI) in the different particle size fractions of road dust. 41
Fig. 3.4. Comparison of the potential ecological risk index (RI) for the PTEs in the size-fractionated road dust of this study. 45
Fig. 3.5. Spatial distribution of PTEs concentrations in the magnetic fractions of road dust. 50
Fig. 3.6. Spatial distribution of PTEs concentrations in the non-magnetic fractions of road dust. 53
Fig. 3.7. Relative contribution percentages in the magnetic-separated road dust. 57
Fig. 3.8. Spatial distribution of the pollution load index (PLI) in the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of road dust in this study. 59
Fig. 3.9. Comparison of the potential ecological risk index (RI) for the PTEs in the magnetic-separated road dust of this study. 62
Fig. 4.1. Relative location of sampling sites CW-1, 2, 3 and 12 in Changwon. 67
Fig. 4.2. Preliminary framework of the management of PTEs in road dust. 83
Fig. 4.3. Industrial sieves (original images from Farleygreene (2022)). 84
Fig. 4.4. Vacuum sweeper truck with a magnetic separation technology incorporated (original image from Roots Multiclean Ltd (n.d.)). 85