Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1. Plastics in ocean 12
1.2. Micro- and nano-plastics in ocean 13
1.3. Effects of micro- and nano-plastics on photosynthetic organisms 14
Chapter 2. Physiological effects of micro-plastics on the red algae, Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. 15
1. Introduction 15
2. Materials and Methods 16
2.1. Sample collection and acclimation 16
2.2. Experimental treatments 17
2.3. Statistical analysis 19
3. Results and discussion 21
Chapter 3. Different physiological response of Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. to nano-plastics 29
1. Introduction 29
2. Materials and Methods 30
2.1. Sample collection and acclimation 30
2.2. Experimental design 31
2.3. Growth rate 32
2.4. Photosynthesis activity 32
2.5. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes 33
2.6. Detection of adherence and absorption 36
2.7. Quantification of adhered nano-plastics 36
2.8. Statistical analysis 37
3. Results and discussion 37
3.1. Adherence and absorption of nano-plastics 37
3.2. Photosynthesis activity and growth 42
3.4. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity 49
Chapter 4. Conclusion 54
References 56
국문 초록 70
Figure 1. Physiological parameters of Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. exposed to Tween-20 for 7 days. (A) specific growth rate (SGR) of Grateloupia turuturu, (B) SGR of Chondrus sp., (C) net... 20
Figure 2. Adherence of micro-plastics on Grateloupia turuturu at (A) 0 ng/L, (B) at 20 ng/L, (C) at 200 ng/L, (D) at 2000 ng/L, (E) at 20000 ng/L. bar = 600μm 23
Figure 3. Adherence of micro-plastics on Chondrus sp. (A) at 0 ng/L (B) at 20 ng/L (C) at 200 ng/L (D) at 2000 ng/L (E) at 20000 ng/L. bar = 600μm 23
Figure 4. Absorption of micro-plastics on (A) Grateloupia turuturu exposed to 20000 ng/L (B) Chondrus sp. exposed to 20000 ng/L. bar = 300μm 24
Figure 5. The amounts of adhered micro-plastics on surface of Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. exposed to 0, 20, 200, 2000 and 20000 ng/L. Different letters represent the significant difference... 24
Figure 6. Specific growth rate (SGR) and net photosynthesis rate (NPR) of Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. (A) SGR of Grateloupia turnturu (B), SGR of Chondrus sp., (C) NPR of Grateloupia... 27
Figure 7. Oxidative stress parameter. (A) reactive oxygen species(ROS) of Grateloupia turuturu, (B) ROS of Chondrus sp., (C) lipid peroxidation (LPO) of Grateloupia turuturu, (D) LPO of Chondrus... 28
Figure 8. Adherence of nano-plastics on Grateloupia turuturu at (A) 0 ng/L, (B) at 20 ng/L, (C) at 200 ng/L, (D) at 2000 ng/L, (E) at 20000 ng/L. 40
Figure 9. Adherence of nano-plastics on Chondrus sp. at (A) 0 ng/L, (B) at 20 ng/L, (C) at 200 ng/L, (D) at 2000 ng/L, (E) at 20000 ng/L. 40
Figure 10. Absorption of nano-plastics on (A) Grateloupia turuturu exposed to 20000 ng/L, (B) Chondrus sp. exposed to 20000 ng/L. bar = 200μm 41
Figure 11. The amounts of adhered nano-plastics on surface of Grateloupia turuturu and Chondrus sp. exposed to 0, 20, 200, 2000 and 20000 ng/L. Different letters represent the significant difference... 41
Figure 12. Dark respiration rate (mg O2L-1g FW-1 h-1) at initial and end of experiment. (A) Grateloupia turnturu, (B) Chondrus sp. Different letters represent the significant difference among...[이미지참조] 43
Figure 13. Net photosynthesis rate (mg O2L-1g FW-1 h-1) at initial and end of experiment. (A) Grateloupia turnturu, (B) Chondrus sp. Different letters represent the significant difference among...[이미지참조] 43
Figure 14. Effect of nano-plastics on (A) maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm) of Grateloupia turuturu and (B) Chondrus sp., (C) maximum relative electron transport efficiency (rETRmax) of... 45
Figure 15. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of (A) Grateloupia turuturu, and (B) Chondrus sp. Different letters represent the significant difference among nano-plastics concentrations. 46
Figure 16. Chlorophyll a content (mg/g FW) of (A) Grateloupia turuturu and (B) Chondrus sp. 46
Figure 17. Specific growth rate (SGR; % day-1). (A) Grateloupia turuturu and (B) Chondrus sp. Different letters represent the significant difference among nano-plastics concentrations.[이미지참조] 48
Figure 18. Oxidative stress parameter (A) reactive oxygen species(ROS) of Grateloupia turuturu, (B) ROS of Chondrus sp., (C) lipid peroxidation (LPO) of Grateloupia turuturu, (D) LPO of Chondrus... 51
Figure 19. Antioxidant enzymes activity of Grateloupia turuturu (A) SOD activity, (B) APX activity, (C) GR activity, (D) CAT activity. Different letters represent the significant difference among nano-... 52
Figure 20. Antioxidant enzymes activity of Chondrus sp. (A) SOD activity, (B) APX activity, (C) GR activity, (D) CAT activity. Different letters represent the significant difference among nano-plastics concentrations. 53