표제지
목차
국문요약 12
제1장 서론 14
1.1. 연구 배경 14
1.2. 이온교환막 18
1.3. 이온교환막을 이용한 공정기술 22
1.3.1. 전기투석 (electrodialysis, ED) 22
1.3.2. 연속식 전기탈이온 공정 (continuous electrodeionization, CEDI) 24
1.4. 연구목적 25
제2장 실험 26
2.1. 재료 26
2.2. 이오노머 바인더를 이용한 불균질막 제조 27
2.2.1. 이오노머 제조 27
2.2.2. 불균질막 제조 29
2.3. 이오노머 및 불균질막의 특성 분석 31
2.3.1. FT-IR 31
2.3.2. SEM 31
2.3.3. AFM 31
2.3.4. 함수율 32
2.3.5. 이온교환용량 32
2.3.6. 전기저항 (면적 저항)과 이온전도도 33
2.3.7. 이온수송수 34
2.3.8. 대시간차 전위법 및 전도성 영역 36
2.3.9. 전류-전압 곡선 37
2.3.10. 인장강도 37
2.3.11. TGA 37
2.4. 이온교환수지의 특성 38
2.4.1. 유효경 및 균일계수 39
2.4.2. 수분 함수율 40
2.4.3. 겉보기 밀도 40
2.4.4. 총교환용량 41
2.4.5. 전기저항과 이온전도도 42
2.5. 연속식 전기탈이온 공정 실험 43
2.5.1. 전류효율 (current efficiency, CE)[이미지참조] 45
2.5.2. 제거율 (removal rate, R) 45
2.5.3. 농축률 (Concentration rate, CR) 45
2.5.4. 이온재생속도 (Ion drain rate, IDR) 46
2.5.5. 에너지소모량 (Power consumption, PC) 46
제3장 결과 및 고찰 48
3.1. 이오노머 바인더의 특성 평가 48
3.2. 불균질막의 형태학적 특징 53
3.3. 불균질막의 특성 평가 57
3.3.1. 함수율과 이온교환용량 57
3.3.2. 전기저항 및 전도도 59
3.3.3. 이온수송수 61
3.3.4. 전도 영역과 한계전류밀도 62
3.3.5. 불균질막의 기계적 물성과 열안정성 68
3.3.6. 불균질막의 최적 조건 도출 및 두께에 따른 특성 72
3.4. 이온교환수지의 특성 76
3.5. 연속식 전기탈이온 공정 실험 78
3.5.1. 입경이 다른 이온교환수지 간 비율에 따른 연속식 전기탈이온 성능 81
3.5.2. 양이온/음이온교환수지의 비율에 따른 연속식 전기탈이온 성능 85
3.5.3. 농축 구획의 수지 충진 여부에 따른 연속식 전기탈이온 성능 88
3.5.4. 이온교환막의 종류에 따른 연속식 전기탈이온 공정 성능 91
제4장 결론 94
참고문헌 95
ABSTRACT 103
Table 1. Properties of anion-exchange resin powder. 26
Table 2. The composition of the heterogeneous membranes. 29
Table 3. Properties of ion-exchange resins. 38
Table 4. Properties of QPPO membranes. 50
Table 5. Conducting region ratio of heterogeneous membranes. 65
Table 6. Limiting current density of heterogeneous membranes. 67
Table 7. Resistance of ohmic and third region for heterogeneous membranes. 67
Table 8. Criteria for optimal fabrication condition of membranes. 74
Table 9. Properties of ion-exchange resins. 77
Table 10. Properties of commercial heterogeneous membrane for CEDI module. 80
Table 11. CEDI performance according to C/G ratio. 84
Table 12. CEDI performance according to A:C ratio. 87
Table 13. CEDI performance depending on resin filled concentrate compartment. 90
Table 14. CEDI performance according to membranes. 93
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of MP addition heterogeneous membrane fabrication. 16
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of MP addition heterogeneous membrane. 17
Figure 3. Schemes of ion-exchange membranes according to counter ion: (a) anion-exchange membrane, (b) cation-exchange membrane. 19
Figure 4. Schemes of ion-exchange membranes according to structure: (a) homogeneous membrane, (b) heterogeneous membrane. 20
Figure 5. Cell configuration of electrodialysis process. 22
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of history for electrodialysis. 23
Figure 7. Cell configuration of continuous electrodeionization process 24
Figure 8. Bromination scheme of PPO. 28
Figure 9. Quaternization scheme of BPPO. 28
Figure 10. Scheme of heterogeneous membrane preparation procedures. 30
Figure 11. Configuration of 2-point probe clip cell. 33
Figure 12. Cell configuration of measuring transport number. 35
Figure 13. Size distribution curve of ion-exchange resin. 39
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of flow cell. 42
Figure 15. Configuration of CEDI module. 44
Figure 16. Flowchart of CEDI module test for derivation of optimal configuration. 47
Figure 17. Photograph of QPPO membrane. 48
Figure 18. Electrical resistance and conductivity of QPPO membranes. 49
Figure 19. Water uptake and ion-exchange capacity of QPPO ionomer membranes. 50
Figure 20. SEM images QPPO membranes: (a) surface (x3000), (b) cross-section (x550). 51
Figure 21. FT-IR spectra of PPO, BPPO and QPPO. 52
Figure 22. Photograph of (a) QPPO membrane and heterogeneous membranes composed resin content (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20 wt%, (d) 30 wt%, (e) 40 wt%, (f) 50 wt%. 54
Figure 23. SEM images of (a), (b) QPPO membranes, (c), (d) resin content 10 wt%, (e), (f) 30 wt%, (g), (h) 50 wt% heterogeneous membranes: (a), (c), (e),... 55
Figure 24. AFM images of (a) QPPO membrane and heterogeneous membrane composed resin content (b) 10 wt%, (c) 30 wt%, (d) 50 wt%. 56
Figure 25. Water uptake and ion-exchange capacity of heterogeneous membranes: Heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder (a) TMA/BPPO =... 58
Figure 26. Electrical resistance and conductivity of heterogeneous membranes: Heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder (a) TMA/BPPO = 0.1, (b)... 60
Figure 27. Transport number of heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder. 61
Figure 28. Chronopotentiometric curves for heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder: (a) commercial heterogeneous membranes, heterogeneous... 63
Figure 29. Conducting region ratio of heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder. 64
Figure 30. I-V curve for heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder: (a) commercial heterogeneous membranes, heterogeneous membrane using (b)... 66
Figure 31. Tensile strength of heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder: (a) commercial heterogeneous membranes, heterogeneous membrane using (b)... 69
Figure 32. Tensile strength of heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder. 70
Figure 33. TGA of heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder according to (a) resin content, (b) IEC of QPPO binder and (c) commercial and optimal... 71
Figure 34. Optimal boundary of heterogeneous membranes : (a) conductivity, (b) water uptake, (c) ion-exchange capacity, (d) tensile strength, (e) transport number. 73
Figure 35. Spider-chart of optimal heterogeneous membranes using QPPO binder. 74
Figure 36. Electrical resistance vs. tensile strength for heterogeneous membranes according to thickness. 75
Figure 37. Photograph of ion-exchange resins : (a) MA-10, (b) MC-10, (c) MA-13J, (d) MCK-50. 76
Figure 38. Photographs of commercial ion-exchange membranes: (a) EVOQUA AEM, (b) EVOQUA CEM, (c) IONAC AEM (MA-3475), (d) IONAC CEM... 79
Figure 39. Cell configuration of CEDI module. 81
Figure 40. Performance of continuous electrodeionization according to C/G ratio : (a) Conductivity of dilute compartment, (b) conductivity of concentrate... 83
Figure 41. Spider-chart of CEDI performance according to C/G ratio. 84
Figure 42. Performance of continuous electrodeionization according to A:C ratio : (a) Conductivity of dilute compartment, (b) conductivity of concentrate... 86
Figure 43. Spider-chart of CEDI performance according to A:C ratio. 87
Figure 44. Schematic diagram of a cell in which the concentrate compartment is filled (a) with resin, (b) without resin. 88
Figure 45. Performance of continuous electrodeionization depending on resin filled concentrate comportment : (a) Conductivity of dilute compartment,... 89
Figure 46. Spider-chart of CEDI performance depending on resin filled concentrate compartment. 90
Figure 47. Performance of continuous electrodeionization according to membranes : (a) Conductivity of dilute compartment, (b) conductivity of concentrate... 92
Figure 48. Spider-chart of CEDI performance according to membranes. 93