Title Page
Contents
Abstract 17
Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction 21
1.1. Background and Motivation of the Study 21
1.2. Purpose and Objective of the Study 24
1.3. Framework of the Study 27
Chapter Ⅱ. Theoretical Background 30
2.1. Review of Smart Clothing 30
2.1.1. The Classification of Smart Clothing Application 33
2.1.2. Research on Smart Clothing for Seniors 36
2.2. Smart Clothing for Motion Monitoring 56
2.3. Motion Monitoring for Seniors 81
2.3.1. The Current Situation of Seniors 81
2.3.2. Motion Monitoring Options for Seniors 90
2.3.3. Current Situation and Existing Problems of Motion Monitoring 96
2.4. Conductive Material for Motion Monitoring 99
2.4.1. Review of Conductive Material 99
2.4.2. Overview of Polyaniline (PANI) Conductive Material 103
2.4.3. The Structure and Properties of Polyaniline 105
2.5. Knitted Fabric Sensor 113
Chapter Ⅲ. Contents and Method of the Study 118
3.1. In-Situ Polymerization 118
3.2. Preparation of Polyaniline Coated Conductive Warp-Knitted Fabric (PCCWKF) 122
3.3. Experimental Equipments for PCCWKF 130
3.3.1. SEM Photo of PCCWKF 130
3.3.2. Electrical Resistance of PCCWKF 131
3.3.3. Chemical Structure of PCCWKF 132
3.3.4. Thermogravimetric Properties of PCCWKF 132
3.3.5. Mechanical Properties of PCCWKF 133
3.3.6. Rigidity and Flexibility of PCCWKF 134
3.3.7. Draping of PCCWKF 136
3.3.8. Air Permeability of PCCWKF 138
3.3.9. Water Vapor Permeability of PCCWKF 139
3.3.10. Sensing Properties Analysis of PCCWKF 141
3.4. Preparation of the Smart Clothing Design for Motion Monitoring 143
Chapter Ⅳ. Smart Clothing Design of Motion Monitoring for Seniors 147
4.1. Experiments to Analyze the Structure and Properties of PCCWKF 147
4.1.1. SEM Photo of PCCWKF 147
4.1.2. Electrical Resistance of PCCWKF 151
4.1.3. Chemical Structure of PCCWKF 153
4.1.4. Thermogravimetric Properties of PCCWKF 154
4.1.5. Mechanical Properties of PCCWKF 157
4.1.6. Rigidity and Flexibility of PCCWKF 158
4.1.7. Draping of PCCWKF 159
4.1.8. Air Permeability of PCCWKF 162
4.1.9. Water Vapor Permeability of PCCWKF 163
4.1.10. Sensing Property Analysis of PCCWKF 164
4.2. Smart Clothing Design of Motion Monitoring for the Senior 199
4.2.1. Pre-Experiment of Motion Monitoring 199
4.2.2. Design of Smart Clothing for Motion Monitoring of Seniors 211
4.2.3. Prototype of Smart Clothing for Motion Monitoring of Seniors 229
4.3. Experiment of Smart Clothing for Motion Monitoring of Seniors 234
4.4. Final Results 246
Chapter Ⅴ. Conclusions and Future Works 249
5.1. Result 249
5.2. Recommendations 255
REFERENCE 257
국문요약 277
Table 1. Global overview of temperature-controlled clothing 47
Table 2. Body shape data of the senior Chinese women 87
Table 3. Common materials and methods for preparing flexible sensors 102
Table 4. Construction and conductivity of typical conductive polymer materials 104
Table 5. Warp-knitted fabric specifications for experimental use 123
Table 6. Topographic external appearance of PCCWKF with different concentrations 149
Table 7. Thermogravimetric index of WKF, PCCWKF-1 and PCCWKF-4 156
Table 8. Mechanical properties of conductive warp-knitted fabric before and after treatment 157
Table 9. Rigidity and flexibility of warp-knitted fabric before and after conductive treatment 158
Table 10. Static and dynamic drape images of each sample 160
Table 11. Static and dynamic drape coefficient of warp-knitted fabric before and after conductive treatment 161
Table 12. Air permeability of warp-knitted fabric before and after conductive treatment 162
Table 13. Moisture permeability 163
Table 14. PCCWKF sensor appearance 165
Table 15. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-1 at different time periods (5%) 177
Table 16. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-2 at different time periods (5%) 178
Table 17. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-4 at different time periods (5%) 179
Table 18. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-6 at different time periods (5%) 180
Table 19. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-1 at different time periods (10%) 185
Table 20. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-4 at different time periods (10%) 186
Table 21. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-1 at different time periods(20%) 191
Table 22. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-4 at different time periods (20%) 192
Table 23. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-1 at different time periods (30%) 197
Table 24. Sensitivity of PCCWKF-4 at different time periods (30%) 198
Table 25. Specific information of PCCWKF-4 201
Table 26. Specific information of sport wear 202
Table 27. Partial design solutions based on motion monitoring 212
Table 28. The measurement of the senior Chinese women and subject 221
Table 29. Measurement of front sport wear 223
Table 30. Measurement of back sport wear 223
Table 31. Measurement of leggings 223
Table 32. Sample specifications of weft-knitted fabric 230
Table 33. PCCWKF-4 sensor of pattern making and CLO virtual wearing 231
Fig. 1. Research process of the study 28
Fig. 2. Experimental flow chart 29
Fig. 3. Global shipments forecast for smart apparel (2016-2020) 32
Fig. 4. Development history of health monitoring smart clothing products 39
Fig. 5. Flexible solar cell sheet with a stainless steel base 43
Fig. 6. Roll-to-roll manufacturing process and polymer flexible solar cells 44
Fig. 7. Warm charging smart clothing 46
Fig. 8. The initial toile - sensor jacket prototype made from toiling fabric 58
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of the Vêtement de Télé Assistance Médicale (VTAM) clothing showing the location of electrodes. 60
Fig. 10. The Vêtement de Télé Assistance Médicale Nomade-Undergarment for Nomad Medical Tele-assistance (VTAMN) garment 61
Fig. 11. The Maglietta Interattiva Computerizzata (MagIC) System. The inset shows details of the textile electrode. 63
Fig. 12. Cu wire and elastomeric fiber Lycra®[이미지참조] 64
Fig. 13. Examples of garments for biomechanical monitoring 65
Fig. 14. Application of a conductive elastomeric (CE) sensor network on a Lycra® substrate to realize a kinesthetic garment (glove)[이미지참조] 66
Fig. 15. Hand posture monitoring system in virtual reality using the wearable sensing glove with embedded hetero-core sensors 68
Fig. 16. Performance of kicking trial with i-leggings and Optotrak systems collecting data on the kicking (right) limb 69
Fig. 17. Developed electrocardiogram (ECG) shirt using the embroidered ECG electrode 70
Fig. 18. Example of the real-time monitor of the hand posture 71
Fig. 19. Measurement of resistance with varying elbow flexion angles 72
Fig. 20. Image of the instrumented sock with the kinematic markers used for data collection during the sock-only walking trials 73
Fig. 21. Conductive elastomeric (CE) electrogoniometer and Biometrics goniometer positioned on the wrist joint to detect flexion motions 75
Fig. 22. Human motion detection by the sandwich-structured silver nanowires (AgNWs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in nanocomposite... 76
Fig. 23. Placement of the goniometer on the spine (left) with the bending angle measurement (right) 77
Fig. 24. Double-layer (DL) knitted piezoresistive fabric (KPF) goniometer applied to a band for the detection of knee flexion/extension 78
Fig. 25. The proposed wearable gesture-sensing devices for monitoring the flexion angle during (a) elbow and (b) knee motions 80
Fig. 26. Body shape changes with age 85
Fig. 27. Monitoring of different joint motion 91
Fig. 28. Gesture recognition assisted interpretation of sign language 92
Fig. 29. Experimental motion detection apparatus in a healthy subject with the wearable knee frame 94
Fig. 30. Human body with attached markers to directly and accurately obtain human joints from skeletal data 96
Fig. 31. Geometric structure of emeraldine polyaniline 108
Fig. 32. Typical structure of weft-knitted (a) and warp-knitted fabric (b) 114
Fig. 33. Resistance variation of conductive weft-knitted fabrics 117
Fig. 34. Preparation of conductive fibers by in-situ polymerization 119
Fig. 35. KARL MAYER TM2 two-comb warp-knitting machine 123
Fig. 36. Basic information of two-comb warp-knitted fabric 125
Fig. 37. Plasma treatment under SY-DT03 low-temperature plasma processor equipment 128
Fig. 38. JSM-6360LV scanning electron microscope 130
Fig. 39. ZC-90G high insulation resistance tester 131
Fig. 40. IR Prestige-21 infrared spectrometer 132
Fig. 41. TG/DTA 6300 22/5000 Thermogravimetric / Differential Thermal Integrated Analyzer 133
Fig. 42. Instron 3365 universal material testing machine 134
Fig. 43. Diagram of measuring the stiffness and flexibility of the fabric by the inclined plane... 135
Fig. 44. YG(B)811E Fabric Drapiness tester 137
Fig. 45. RT-5300 fabric breathability instrument 139
Fig. 46. YG501D-III moisture permeability tester 140
Fig. 47. Test device for strain-resistance of PCCWKF 142
Fig. 48. CLO 3D 7.0 software 145
Fig. 49. The MAC and the implemented interface 145
Fig. 50. Fashion design Process 146
Fig. 51. Before and after plasma treatment of warp-knitted fabric 148
Fig. 52. Resistivity of polyaniline-coated conductive warp-knitted fabrics with different ratios of PVA to An 152
Fig. 53. Infrared spectroscopy of conductive fabric prepared by different processes 153
Fig. 54. TG graphs of WKF and PCCWKF-1 155
Fig. 55. Resistance variation of (a) PCCWKF-1 at a strain of 10% 167
Fig. 56. Resistance variation of (b) PCCWKF-2 at a strain of 10% 167
Fig. 57. Resistance variation of (c) PCCWKF-4 at a strain of 10% 168
Fig. 58. Resistance variation of (d) PCCWKF-6 at a strain of 10% 168
Fig. 59. Picture of network model of two bar tricot fabric 169
Fig. 60. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (a) PCCWKF-1 at 5% 172
Fig. 61. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (b) PCCWKF-2 at 5% 173
Fig. 62. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (c) PCCWKF-4 at 5% 174
Fig. 63. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (d) PCCWKF-6 at 5% 175
Fig. 64. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (a), (c) PCCWKF-1 at 10% 182
Fig. 65. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (b), (d) PCCWKF-4 at 10% 183
Fig. 66. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (a), (c) PCCWKF-1 at 20% 188
Fig. 67. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (b), (d) PCCWKF-4 at 20% 189
Fig. 68. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (a), (c) PCCWKF-1 at 30% 194
Fig. 69. Repeatability of strain-resistance sensing of (b), (d) PCCWKF-4 at 30% 195
Fig. 70. Fabric sensor 200
Fig. 71. Resistance variation of sensor during sleeping 203
Fig. 72. Resistance variation of sensor during sitting and running for 5 mins 204
Fig. 73. Resistance variation of sensor of elbow motion monitoring at 0, 30, 60, 90 degrees 206
Fig. 74. Resistance variation of the elbow motion monitoring sensor in one cycle at 0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees in the pre-experiment 207
Fig. 75. Resistance variation of the knee motion monitoring sensor in one cycle of the pre-experiment 208
Fig. 76. Resistance variation of the knee motion monitoring sensor 209
Fig. 77. Resistance variation of the knee motion monitoring sensor in one cycle of the pre-experiment 210
Fig. 78. Sportswear technical flats 217
Fig. 79. Leggings technical flats 217
Fig. 80. Sportswear specification sheet 218
Fig. 81. Legging specification sheet 219
Fig. 82. Sportswear pattern making 222
Fig. 83. Sleeve pattern making 222
Fig. 84. Legging pattern making 223
Fig. 85. Sportswear pattern making by CLO 225
Fig. 86. Sleeve pattern making by CLO 226
Fig. 87. Legging pattern making by CLO 227
Fig. 88. Simulation of smart clothing for seniors in a virtual wearing environment by CLO 228
Fig. 89. Process of making smart clothing 232
Fig. 90. Prototype of smart clothing for motion monitoring of seniors 233
Fig. 91. Sensors on the waist of the clothing 235
Fig. 92. The rest state sensor monitors the relative resistivity time curve after exercise 235
Fig. 93. Respiration monitoring experiment 236
Fig. 94. Experimental diagram of elbow motion monitoring at 0, 30, 60 and 90 degrees 238
Fig. 95. Resistance variation of the elbow motion monitoring 239
Fig. 96. Resistance variation of the elbow motion monitoring sensor with the smart clothing in a cycle of 0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees 239
Fig. 97. Comparison of the elbow motion monitoring 241
Fig. 98. Experimental diagram of knee motion monitoring 242
Fig. 99. Resistance variation of the knee motion monitoring 242
Fig. 100. Resistance variation of the knee motion monitoring sensor with the smart clothing in a cycle of an upright and bending position 243
Fig. 101. Comparison of knee motion monitoring 244
Fig. 102. Real smart clothing and simulation virtual wearing by CLO 254