표제지
국문요약
목차
I. 서론 16
1. 연구의 필요성 16
2. 연구의 목적 22
3. 연구의 제한점 22
4. 연구의 가설 22
1) 투구수행요인 22
2) 몸통 및 상지 운동학적 요인 22
3) 상지 근활성 요인 23
II. 이론적 배경 24
1. 수구의 역사적 배경 24
2. 수구의 기술요소 25
1) 수영(swimming) 25
2) 에그비터킥(eggbeater kick) 25
3) 몸싸움(body contact) 26
4) 던지기(throwing) 26
3. 인간의 던지기 운동의 이해 27
4. 오버헤드스로잉 29
5. 수구 오버헤드스로잉의 특성 31
6. 코어 안정성(core stability) 34
7. 선행연구 36
1) 에그비터킥 동작 시 하지의 운동학적 연구 36
2) 오버헤드스로잉 동작에 대한 근활성 분석 연구 39
3) 수구 오버헤드스로잉에 대한 운동 프로그램 적용 연구 41
4) EMG 활성 시작시점 결정에 대한 연구 44
III. 연구방법 51
1. 연구대상 51
2. 실험장비 52
(1) 적외선 카메라(Infrared camera) 53
(2) 구형 수중반사마커(Super-spherical underwater markers) 53
(3) 수중 무선 근전도(Waterproof wireless EMG) 54
(4) 수중 무선 근전도(Waterproof wireless EMG) 54
(5) 수중점프높이 측정기(In-water jump hight tester) 55
(6) 골대(goal post) 55
(7) 수구 공(water polo ball) 55
(8) L-frame과 Wand 56
3. 실험절차 57
1) 하지 및 몸통의 최대 근력 측정 58
2) 수중 동작 분석 58
2) 수중 점프 높이 측정 60
4) 하지 및 코어 강화 운동 프로그램 61
4. 분석구간 63
5. 자료처리 64
1) 위치 자료 64
3) 근전도 자료 64
6. 분석변인 및 산출방법 66
1) 공속도(ball velocity) 66
2) 최대 수직 점프 높이 66
3) 최대근력(maximum muscle strength) 66
4) 몸통 분절 및 상지 관절각 67
4) 상지 관절 각속도 70
5) 최대각속도 발생시점 70
5) 근활성도(% MVIC) 71
6) 근육별 활성시작 시점 71
7) 근육별 최대 활성 시점 72
5) 근육 모집 패턴(muscle recruitment patterns) 72
7. 통계처리 73
IV. 결과 74
1. 투구 수행요인의 변화 74
2. 등속성 최대 근력 변화 75
3. 투구 수행 및 근력 요인이 공속도에 미치는 영향 76
4. 이벤트별 몸통분절각 비교결과 77
5. 몸통분절의 최대 및 최소각과 가동범위 비교결과 78
6. 이벤트별 어깨관절각 비교결과 80
7. 어깨관절의 최대 및 최소각과 가동범위 비교결과 81
8. 이벤트별 팔꿈치관절각 비교결과 83
9. 팔꿈치관절의 최대 및 최소각과 가동범위 비교결과 84
10. 이벤트별 손목 및 손가락관절각 비교결과 86
11. 손목 및 손가락관절의 최대 및 최소각과 가동범위 비교결과 87
12. 몸통분절의 최대 각속도 비교결과 89
13. 어깨관절의 최대 각속도 비교결과 91
14. 팔꿈치관절의 최대 각속도 비교결과 93
15. 손목 및 손가락관절의 최대 각속도 비교결과 95
16. 몸통분절의 최대 각속도 발생시점 변화 97
17. 상지관절의 최대 각속도 발생시점 변화 98
18. 선택된 몸통 및 상지관절의 최대 각속도 패턴 99
19. 상지 근활성도 비교결과 100
20. 상지 근육의 활성 시작 시점 비교결과 101
21. 상지 근육의 최대 활성 도달시점 비교결과 102
22. 상지 근육의 활성 시작 패턴 비교결과 103
23. 상지 근육의 최대 활성 도달 패턴 비교결과 104
V. 논의 105
1. 투구수행요인의 변화 105
2. 하지 및 몸통의 최대 근력 변화 106
3. 몸통 및 상지 운동학의 변화 108
4. 상지 근육활동 변화 112
VI. 결론 및 제언 115
1. 결론 115
2. 제언 117
참고문헌 119
ABSTRACT 131
Table 1. Summary of egg-beater kick studies 48
Table 2. Summary of overhead throwing motion on muscle activation 49
Table 3. Summary of applied exercise programs to water polo players 50
Table 4. Subject characteristics 51
Table 5. Experimental equipments 52
Table 6. An 8-week lower extremity strengthening program 61
Table 7. An 8-week Core exercise program 62
Table 8. Definition of the direction of trunk and upper extremity joint rotation 68
Table 9. Changes in throwing performance factors between pre and post exercise intervention 74
Table 10. Changes in maximum isokinetic strength of trunk and lower extremity muscles between pre and post exercise intervention 75
Table 11. Effect of throwing performance and maximum strength factors on ball velocity 76
Table 12. Changes in trunk angles at cocking and release events according to exercise intervention 77
Table 13. Changes in trunk angles during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 78
Table 14. Changes in shoulder joint angles at cocking and release events according to exercise intervention 80
Table 15. Changes in shoulder joint angles during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 81
Table 16. Changes in elbow joint angles at cocking and release events according to exercise intervention 83
Table 17. Changes in elbow joint angles during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 84
Table 18. Changes in wrist and finger joint angles at cocking and release events according to exercise intervention 86
Table 19. Changes in wrist and finger joint angles during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 87
Table 20. Changes in maximum angular velocity of trunk during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 89
Table 21. Changes in maximum angular velocity of shoulder joint during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 91
Table 22. Changes in maximum angular velocity of elbow joint during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 93
Table 23. Changes in maximum angular velocity of wrist and finger joints during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 95
Table 24. Changes in occurrence time of maximum trunk angular velocity during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 97
Table 25. Changes in occurrence time of upper extremities angular velocity during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 98
Table 26. Change in occurrence pattern of maximal angular velocity in trunk and selected upper body during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 99
Table 27. Change in muscle activation of selected upper extremities during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 100
Table 28. Change in on-set time of muscle activation in upper extremities during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 101
Table 29. Change in peak time of muscle activation in upper extremities during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 102
Table 30. Change in on-set pattern of muscle activation in selected upper extremities during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 103
Table 31. Change in peak muscle activation pattern of selected upper extremities during throwing phase according to exercise intervention 104
Figure 1. Basic skills elements of water polo 26
Figure 2. Schematic representation of overhead throwing in water polo 33
Figure 3. A stylized drawing of core muscles 34
Figure 4. Infrared camera 53
Figure 5. Waterproof reflective markers 53
Figure 6. Waterproof wireless EMG 54
Figure 7. Isokinetic tester (Humac norm, Computer Sports Medicine, Inc., USA) 54
Figure 8. In water jump height tester 55
Figure 9. Water polo goal post 55
Figure 10. Official Water polo game ball (Mikasa, Japan) 56
Figure 11. Wand and L-frame (Qualisys, Sweden) 56
Figure 12. Experimental procedure 57
Figure 13. Markers and EMG placement 59
Figure 14. In-water experimental procedure 60
Figure 15. Events and phase 63
Figure 16. Example of onset determination with TKEO conditioning 65
Figure 17. X-Y-Z axis rotation sequence for orientation angles 68
Figure 18. Definition of trunk and upper extremity joint kinematics 69
Figure 19. Changes in trunk segment angles between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 79
Figure 20. Changes in shoulder joint angles between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 82
Figure 21. Changes in elbow joint angles between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 85
Figure 22. Changes in wrist and finger joint angles between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 88
Figure 23. Changes in maximum angular velocity of trunk segment between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 90
Figure 24. Changes in maximum angular velocity of shoulder joint between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 92
Figure 25. Changes in maximum angular velocity of elbow joint between pre and post exercise intervention by groups 94
Figure 26. Changes in maximum angular velocity of wrist and finger joints between pre and post exercise intervention by groups (upper: wrist, lower: finger) 96
Figure 27. Example of dynamic core exercise using medicine ball 111