표제지
목차
ABSTRACT 10
제1장 서론 13
제1절 연구배경 13
제2절 연구목적 15
제2장 문헌고찰 16
제1절 과불화합물(Per-and polyfluoroalkly substances; PFASs) 16
1.1. 과불화합물의 화학적 특징 18
1.2. 과불화합물의 위해성 18
1.3. 과불화합물 규제 22
1.4. 규제과불화합물의 대체물질 25
제2절 과불화합물 제거 공정 26
2.1. 흡착(Adsorption) 27
2.2. 고도산화 및 환원(Advanced Oxidation and Redox Processes) 28
제3절 막여과 공정 29
3.1. 막여과공정의 제거 메커니즘 30
3.2. 나노여과(Nanofiltration; NF)와 역삼투(Reverse osmosis; RO) 31
3.3. 막여과 공정에서 과불화합물 제거 31
제3장 연구재료 및 방법 34
제1절 장치 및 재료 34
1.1. 여과막 34
1.2. 과불화합물 36
1.3. 실험원수 38
제2절 실험방법 및 조건 39
2.1. 막여과 시스템 구성 39
2.2. 막여과 실험 40
2.3. 염 제지율 실험 41
2.4. 물질수지 분석실험 43
제3절 분석방법 45
3.1. 과불화합물 분석 45
3.2. 원수 분석 47
제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 49
제1절 고압여과막 NF와 RO를 이용한 과불화합물 제거 49
1.1. 나노여과에서의 과불화합물 제거 49
1.2. 역삼투막 공정에서 과불화합물 제거 52
1.3. 과불화합물의 물리화학적 특징이 제거율에 미치는 영향 54
제2절 원수 특성이 과불화합물 제거에 미치는 영향 57
2.1. 수돗물 원수 조건에서 과불화합물 제거 57
2.2. 자연수 조건에서 과불화합물 제거 62
제3절 과불화합물간의 상호반응에 의한 제거율 66
3.1. 과불화합물 농도에 따른 제거율 66
3.2. 과불화합물이 공존하는 상황에서 제거율 71
제4절 막여과 공정에서 과불화합물 제거 메커니즘 75
4.1. 물질수지 분석을 통한 흡착 및 분리 이해 75
4.2. 염 제지율에 따른 제거율 분석 78
제5장 결론 80
참고문헌 82
국문초록 94
Table 2.1. Half-life of PFASs 20
Table 2.2. PFASs concentration (ng/mL) in maternal serum, cord serum, and breast milk of French women and their newborns 20
Table 2.3. Detection frequencies and concentrations (ng/mL) of PFASs in breast milk of Korean women 21
Table 2.4. Regulation of PFASs by year 23
Table 2.5. Domestic regulations of PFASs 24
Table 2.6. Classification of membrane processes used in water treatment 29
Table 2.7. Removal rate of PFASs by membrane 33
Table 3.1. Characteristics of NF/RO membranes 35
Table 3.2. Characteristics of PFASs 37
Table 3.3. Concentration of PFASs stock 38
Table 3.4. Ananlysis condition for PFASs by LC-MS/MS 45
Table 3.5. Compound calibration report(n=3) 46
Table 3.6. Analytical equipment 47
Table 3.7. Characteristics of raw water(n=5) 48
Fig 2.1. "Family tree" of PFASs 17
Fig 2.2. Structure of perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs) 17
Fig 2.3. The removal rate of advanced water treatment system 26
Fig 3.1. Modul name of CMS filter (TORAY) 34
Fig 3.2. membrane system 39
Fig 3.3. Schematic representation of membrane filtration experiment and salt rejection experiment; (a) Membrane filtration (b) Removal efficiency by... 42
Fig 3.4. Schematic diagram of material balance experiment 44
Fig 3.5. Calibration curve of PFASs(n=3) 46
Fig 4.1. Performance of naofiltration membrane processes for PFASs treatment; (a) removal rate (b) normalized flux 51
Fig 4.2. Performance of reverse osmosis membrane processes for PFASs treatment; (a) removal rate (b) normalized flux 53
Fig 4.3. The correlation with PFASs characteristics and removal rate *M.W. :molecular weight C-F chain :length of C-F chain 54
Fig 4.4. Comparison of PFASs removal rate in NF/RO 56
Fig 4.5. The PFASs removal rate in NF(NE4040-70) and RO(RE4021-BLN) in tap water 59
Fig 4.6. Normalized flux of the membrane filtration with tap water containing PFASs; (a) NF (b) RO 61
Fig 4.7. The removal rate of PFASs Nakdong river using NF (NE4040-70) and RO (RE4021-BLN) 64
Fig 4.8. Normalized flux of the membrane filtration with Nakdong river containing PFASs; (a) NF (b) RO 65
Fig 4.9. Removal rate and concentration in permeate at different feed concentration; (A) PFDoA (B) PFOA (C) PFPeA 69
Fig 4.10. The removal rate of PFASs according to PFASs concentration in feed water 69
Fig 4.11. The average removal rate of PFASs at different concentrations 70
Fig 4.12. The removal rate of PFASs by NF/RO in the situation where the PFASs coexists 71
Fig 4.13. Comparison of PFASs removal rate under conditions of individual injection and simultaneous injection; (a) in NF(NE4040-70), (b) in... 72
Fig 4.14. Normalized flux of PFASs in the situation where the PFASs coexists; (a) NF(NE4040-70) (b) RO(RE4021-BLN) 74
Fig 4.15. Scheme of mass balance experiment 76
Fig 4.16. The PFASs rate within products and membrane system after NF filtration; (a) concentration ratio of PFOS (b) concentration ratio of PFOA,... 77
Fig 4.17. The correlation with salt rejection ratio and PFASs removal rate 79