Title Page
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS 13
ABSTRACT 14
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 16
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
1. Materials 21
2. Study design 22
3. Analyses of urinary 1-OHP 25
4. Analyses of urinary MDA 28
5. Statistical analyses 31
6. Analyses of diet 32
6.1. Calorie calculation 32
6.2. Magnesium Depletion Score 33
Ⅲ. RESULTS 34
1. Characteristics of the subjects 34
2. Magnesium intake 37
2.1. Association between serum Mg and MDS 41
3. Effects of MMW on CVD biomarkers 42
3.1. Blood pressure 42
3.2. Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index 45
3.3. Diabetic biomarkers 48
3.4. Hyperlipidemia biomarkers 52
4. Effects of MMW on PAHs exposure and oxidative stress 61
4.1. 1-OHP 61
4.2. MDA 64
4.3. Urinary 1-OHP and MDA 67
5. Effects of MMW on thirst and fatigue 68
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 71
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCE 74
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 84
Table 1. The mobile phase gradient for urinary 1-OHP 26
Table 2. Characteristics of the subjects 35
Table 3. An example of daily calorie intake during the trial 38
Figure 1. Regulation of mitochondrial functions by Mg2+. Mitochondrial Mg2+ activates (------〉) three dehydrogenases in... 19
Figure 2. Mechanisms linking Mg abnormalities (intake or circulating levels) with molecular outcomes leading to CV... 20
Figure 3. Study Design of MMW 24
Figure 4. Measurement of urinary 1-OHP with HPLC/FLD 27
Figure 5. Measurement of urinary MDA with HPLC/FLD 30
Figure 6. Distribution of the sum of Mg from diet and the trial 39
Figure 7. Lack of association between the differences in serum Mg and the sum of Mg from diet and MMW before and after the trial 40
Figure 8. Association between serum Mg and MDS 41
Figure 9. Effects of MMW on systolic blood pressure 43
Figure 10. Effects of MMW on diastolic blood pressure 44
Figure 11. Schematic illustration of the acquisition of study parameters for computation of CAVI 45
Figure 12. Effects of MMW on CAVI(R) 46
Figure 13. Effects of MMW on CAVI(L) 47
Figure 14. Effects of MMW on HbA1c-NGSP 49
Figure 15. Effects of MMW on HbA1c-IFCC 50
Figure 16. Effects of MMW on HbA1c-eAG 51
Figure 17. Comparison of TC before and after the trial between placebo and MMW treatment groups 52
Figure 18. Effects of MMW on TC 53
Figure 19. Association between TC and magnesium levels: 0=6mg, 1=9mg, 2=80mg, 3=135mg 54
Figure 20. Comparison of the levels of LDL-C before and after the trial between placebo and MMW 55
Figure 21. Effects of MMW on LDL-C 56
Figure 22. Association between LDL-C and magnesium levels: 0=6mg, 1=9mg, 2=80mg, 3=135mg 57
Figure 23. Comparison of ApoB before and after the trial between placebo and MMW 58
Figure 24. Effects of MMW on ApoB 59
Figure 25. Association between ApoB and magnesium levels: 0=6mg, 1=9mg, 2=80mg, 3=135mg 60
Figure 26. Distribution of urinary 1-OHP between before and after the trial: 1-OHP did not follow normal distribution... 62
Figure 27. Effects of MMW on the differences in urinary 1-OHP 63
Figure 28. Distribution of urinary MDA between before and after the trial: MDA did follow normal distribution (P〈0.0775)... 65
Figure 29. Effects of MMW on the differences in urinary MDA 66
Figure 30. Association between the differences in urinary 1-OHP and MDA 67
Figure 31. Effects of MMW on thirst 69
Figure 32. Effects of MMW on fatigue 70