Title Page
Contents
ABBREVIATION 7
국문 초록 9
ABSTRACT 11
1. Introduction 14
1.1. Background of Study 14
1.2. Purpose of Study 15
1.3. Expected Results and Contribution 16
1.4. Overview of the Thesis Structure 16
2. Theoretical Framework 17
2.1. Group Dynamics in Emergency Situations 17
2.2. Social Group Behavior Characteristics in Emergency Evacuation 18
2.3. Simulation Model Approaches Used to Analyze and Optimize Emergency Evacuation Plans 19
3. Literature Review 20
3.1. History, Major Developments, and Current State 20
3.2. Factors Affecting Group Behavior and Group Dynamics in Emergency Evacuation 21
3.2.1. Characteristic of group size and composition 22
3.2.2. Characteristics of Leadership 23
3.2.3. Characteristics of Environmental Factors 24
3.3. Simulation Models for Emergency Evacuation 24
3.3.1. Agent-Based Models 25
3.3.2. Cellular Automata Models 25
3.3.3. Network Models 26
3.3.4. Hybrid Models 26
3.3.5. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 27
4. Comprehensive Revision 28
4.1. Comprehensive Revision of Social Group Behavior Simulation Models 28
4.2. Agent-based Modelling & Simulation (ABMs) for Emergency Evacuation 29
4.3. Cellular Automata (CA) Models Simulation for Emergency Evacuation 32
4.4. Fluid Dynamic Models' Simulation for Emergency Evacuation 36
4.5. Network models simulation for Emergency Evacuation 39
4.6. Hybrid Models Simulation for Emergency Evacuation 42
5. Findings, Discussions and Guidance 45
5.1. Implications of Findings through Agent-Based Model Simulations 45
5.1.1. Guidance and Insights from Findings 46
5.2. Implications of Findings through Cellular Automata (CA) Model Simulations 46
5.2.1. Guidance and Insights from Findings 47
5.3. Implications of Findings through fluid dynamics model simulation 48
5.3.1. Guidance and Insights from Findings 48
5.4. Implications of Findings through network model simulations 49
5.4.1. Guidance and Insights from Findings 50
5.5. Implications of Findings through Hybrid Model Simulations 51
5.5.1. Guidance and Insights from Findings 51
6. Conclusion 53
6.1. Summary of Findings 53
6.2. Implications for Emergency Management 53
6.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions 54
7. REFERENCES 55
Table 1. Summarization of the characteristics of social group behavior through agent-based model simulations 30
Table 2. Main results and future expected studies through agent-based model simulations 31
Table 3. Summarization of the characteristics of social group behavior through through cellular automata (CA) model simulations 33
Table 4. Main results and future expected studies through cellular automata (CA) model simulations 34
Table 5. Summarization of the characteristics of social group behavior through Fluid-dynamic models' simulations 37
Table 6. Main results and future expected studies through Fluid-dynamic models' simulations 38
Table 7. Summarization of the characteristics of social group behavior through Network models simulations 40
Table 8. Main results and future expected studies through Network models simulations 41
Table 9. Summarization of the characteristics of social group behavior through Hybrid models simulations 42
Table 10. Main results and future expected studies through Hybrid models simulations 43
Table 11. Findings through the agent-based simulations for emergency evacuation. 45
Table 12. Findings through the cellular automata simulation for emergency evacuation. 47
Table 13. Findings through the fluid dynamics simulation for emergency evacuation 48
Table 14. Findings through the network model simulation for emergency evacuation 49
Table 15. Findings through the hybrid model simulation for emergency evacuation 51
Figure 1. Sociogram of Key Factors for Effective Group Dynamics in Emergency Situations 17
Figure 2. Sociogram of Key Factors for Social Group Behavior Characteristics in Emergency Situations 18
Figure 3. Dimensions of indoor emergency evacuation. 19
Figure 4. Theoretical model of the ABM. 25
Figure 5. The framework of cellular automata models for evacuation. 26
Figure 6. Synthetic Environments for emergency response with humans-in-the-loop 26
Figure 7. Hybrid Model consisting of environmental and pedestrian sub-models 27
Figure 8. Role of inlet-outlet configuration in an enclosed space (a) air curtain effect (b) breaching safe distance of 2m 27