Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 11
1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Background 12
1.2. Research Objectives 15
1.3. Scope 17
1.4. Significance of the Research 18
1.5. Organization of the Thesis 19
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 22
2.1. Defining WASH in School (WinS) 22
2.2. Defining Basic WASH Services in Schools 22
2.3. Defining Access to Basic WASH Services 23
2.4. WASH in schools (WinS) in the SDGs 25
2.5. Effect of WinS interventions 26
2.5.1. Improvement in Access and Quality of WASH Services 26
2.5.2. Improvement in Hygiene Knowledge and Handwashing Practice 27
2.5.3. Promote Gender Equality and Inclusive Services 28
2.5.4. Reduce Diarrhea and other WASH-Related Diseases 29
2.5.5. Improve Academic Performance and Reduce Dropout Rate 29
2.5.6. Reduce Urban-Rural Disparities 30
2.6. Global and Bangladesh Scenario of WinS 30
2.7. Policies Related to WinS in Bangladesh 31
2.8. WASH in School Interventions in Bangladesh 32
2.9. Other WASH Interventions 35
2.9.1. WASH in Health Care Facilities 35
2.9.2. WASH in Emergencies 35
2.10. Research Gaps 36
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38
3.1. Research Design 38
3.2. Data Collection Procedure 39
3.3. Statistical Analysis 42
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 44
4.1. Effects of WinS Interventions 44
4.1.1. Effect on Access to Basic WASH Services 44
4.1.2. Effect on WASH Knowledge and Handwashing Practice 52
4.1.3. Effect on Gender Equality and Inclusive Services 53
4.1.4. Effect on Diarrhea Diseases 55
4.1.5. Effect on Academic Performance and Dropout Rate 57
4.1.6. Effect on Urban-Rural Disparities 63
4.2. Key Findings of the Research 65
5. CONCLUSIONS 68
5.1. Recommendations 68
5.2. Conclusion 69
5.3. Recommendations for future studies 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY 75
APPENDICES 83
Appendix A. General Assessment of WASH services (Summary of Survey Results) 83
Appendix B. Questionnaire for Teachers 84
Appendix C. Questionnaire for Students 89
Appendix D. R Studio Input and Output for Diarrheal Disease 92
Appendix E. R Studio Input and Output for Academic Performance 94
Appendix F. R Studio Input and Output for Dropout Rate 95
초록 97
Table 1. SDG goals, targets, and indicators related to WASH in schools. 25
Table 2. Distribution of samples concerning the number of primary schools in Upazila (Sub District) 41
Table 3. Research findings concerning SDG indicators, global/Bangladesh scenario: Water. 44
Table 4. Research findings concerning SDG indicators, global/Bangladesh scenario: Sanitation. 47
Table 5. Research findings concerning SDG indicators, global/Bangladesh scenario: Hygiene. 50
Table 6. Linear regression results for diarrhea frequency on years after intervention started. 55
Table 7. The coefficient estimates for each predictor variable, along with standard errors, z-values, and p-values. 58
Table 8. The coefficient estimates for each predictor variable, along with standard errors, t-values, and p-values in the multiple linear regression analysis. 61
Table 9. The coefficient estimates for each predictor variable, along with standard errors, z-values, and p-values. 62
Figure 1. Different WASH interventions in primary schools under WinS interventions (PEDP-3 Semiannual Environmental Monitoring Report, 2018 and PEDP-4... 34
Figure 2. Proposed Conceptual framework of the study. 39
Figure 3. Map of Barishal district. 40
Figure 4. Distribution of samples concerning the number of primary schools in Upazila (Sub District). 41
Figure 5. The proportion of schools having access to basic drinking water services. 46
Figure 6. The proportion of schools having different types of water sources. 46
Figure 7. The proportion of schools having basic sanitation services. 48
Figure 8. The proportion of schools having one sanitation service for less or more than 50 children. 49
Figure 9. The proportion of schools having access to basic hygiene services. 51
Figure 10. The proportion of schools having hygiene promotion activities or education in school. 52
Figure 11. The proportion of schools having group handwashing activities. 53
Figure 12. The proportion of schools having sex-separated sanitation facilities. 54
Figure 13. The proportion of schools having access to all children. 55
Figure 14. Scatterplot- passing rate/100 vs. years since the intervention started. 60
Figure 15. The student-toilet ratio in rural and urban areas schools. 64
Figure 16. Hygiene promotion activities/education in rural and urban schools. 64
Figure 17. Group handwashing activities in rural and urban schools. 65