Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS 11
1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Background 12
1.2. Statement of the problem 15
1.3. Research Objectives 15
1.4. Scope 16
1.5. Significance of the Research 16
1.6. Organization of the Thesis 17
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 18
2.1. Introduction 18
2.2. Road Safety and Bus Accidents 18
2.3. Factors Influencing Bus Accidents 20
2.3.1. Overview 20
2.3.2. Influencers of bus accidents 20
2.4. Accident analysis 24
2.4.1. Overview 24
2.4.2. Hotspot identification 25
2.4.3. Spatial analysis techniques 27
2.4.4. Accident severity weighting 28
2.4.5. Spatial Analysis and GIS application 30
2.4.6. Spatial analysis 33
2.4.7. Kernel Density Estimation 33
3. METHODOLOGY 39
3.1. Introduction 39
3.2. Research design 40
3.3. Data collection 41
3.4. Data description 42
3.4.1. Area of study 42
3.4.2. Data set description 43
3.5. Data Preprocessing 44
3.6. Kernel Density Estimation 46
3.6.1. Choice of Kernel Function 46
3.6.2. Bandwidth Selection 46
3.6.3. Kernel Density Calculation 49
3.6.4. Mapping and Visualization 50
3.7. Data Extraction and Comparative Analysis 51
3.8. Attribute Examination 52
3.9. Statistical Analysis 56
3.10. Exploring the differences. 57
3.11. Justification 57
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 58
4.1. Data analysis 58
4.1.1. KDE maps 58
4.1.2. Extraction of data points 60
4.1.3. Extracted data analysis 61
4.1.4. Statistical analysis 72
4.1.5. Exploring the differences 81
4.2. Interpretation of Results 81
4.2.1. Significance of Weighting in Data Analysis 81
4.2.2. Variation in Day of the Week 82
4.2.3. Role of Environmental Factors 82
4.2.4. Impact of Road Conditions 83
4.2.5. Insights on Driver Characteristics 84
4.2.6. Subtle Nuances in Accident Patterns 84
5. POLICY IMPLICATIONS 86
5.1. Customized Interventions for Enhanced Safety 86
5.2. Efficient Resource Allocation 87
5.3. Evidence-Based Policies 88
5.4. Transportation Planning 88
5.5. Public Awareness and Economic Benefits 88
6. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 90
6.1. Recommendations 90
6.1.1. Customized Interventions for Enhanced Safety 90
6.1.2. Efficient Resource Allocation 91
6.1.3. Evidence-Based Policies 92
6.1.4. Transportation Planning 93
6.1.5. Public Awareness and Economic Benefits 93
6.2. Conclusion 94
6.3. Recommendations for future studies 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY 96
초록 103
Table 1. showing commonly used kernel functions. 37
Table 2. showing summary statistics of the data's attributes.[원문불량;p.42-45] 53
figure 1. (a) showing the 2D perspective and (b) the 3D perspective of the KDE. 34
figure 2. showing different commonly used kernel functions. 37
figure 3. showing summary of the research methodology. 40
figure 4. showing map of Ghana highlighting GAMA. 43
figure 5. showing the accident locations in GAMA. 45
figure 6. showing KDE map generated by using band width of 100meters. 47
figure 7. showing KDE map generated by using bandwidth of 350meters. 48
figure 8. showing KDE map generated by using band width of 500meters. 48
figure 9. showing unweighted KDE map result. 50
figure 10. showing weighted KDE mapping result. 51
figure 11. showing generated KDE map with accident points. 52
figure 12. shows the KDE map output for unweighted data. 59
figure 13. shows KDE map output for weighted data points. 59
figure 14. showing data points overlaid on heatmap for extraction. 61