Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 13
1. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1. Background of Mongolia 14
1.2. Research Objectives 15
1.3. Research method 16
1.4. Scope 16
1.5. Significance of the Research 16
1.6. Organization of the Thesis 17
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 19
2.1. Theoretical Background of PPP 19
2.2. Principles, procedures, and legal frameworks 24
2.3. Risk identification in railway PPP project 25
3. MONGOLIAN INSTITUTIONAL OF PPP AND RAILWAY PROJECT 30
3.1. Background of Mongolia 30
3.2. State Policy on PPP 38
3.3. The current state of PPP in Mongolia 40
3.4. Mongolian institution framework of PPP 43
3.5. Railway project through PPP in Mongolia 53
3.6. Mongolian risk management (risk identifying) 55
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66
4.1. In depth review of literature 66
4.2. Questionnaire survey 66
4.3. Research framework and research design 67
5. DATA ANALYSIS 71
5.1. Research method and Descriptive analysis 71
5.2. Hypotheses testing 73
6. RESEARCH RESULTS 74
6.1. Demographic information 74
6.2. Risks prioritization 79
6.3. Hypotheses testing 89
6.3.1. First hypothesis 89
6.3.2. Second hypothesis 94
6.3.3. Third hypothesis 98
7. CONCLUSIONS 101
7.1. Research summary 101
7.2. Recommendation 104
7.3. Future recommendations for future studies 106
BIBLIOGRAPHY 108
APPENDICES 112
APPENDIX A 112
APPENDIX B 113
초록 120
Table 1. Risk factor for PPP from previous study 28
Table 2. Goals and stages of sustainable development of Mongolian Railways 33
Table 3. Freight transported by Mongolian railways (thousand tons) 35
Table 4. Total cargo transported by rail (2015-2022) 36
Table 5. PPP infrastructure projects risks in Mongolia. 58
Table 6. Action plans for the risks that may arise in the implementation of railway projects (Plans approved by the Project Investment Department, MTZ) 61
Table 7. Value to evaluate 71
Table 8. Comparison matrix 73
Table 9. Gender ratio of respondents 74
Table 10. Working railway organization. 75
Table 11. Work position of respondents. 75
Table 12. How many years of experience do you have in the railway industry? 77
Table 13. Participation in PPP projects 77
Table 14. Respondents education of level 78
Table 15. Questions example 1.1 Planning stage (a) and Construction stage Risks (b), which risk is more important? 79
Table 16. Question example 1.2 Planning stage risk (a) and Operation stage risk (b), which one is most important? 80
Table 17. Question 1.3 Construction stage Risk (a) and Operation stage risk (b), which one is most important? 81
Table 18. Prioritization of PPP railway projects risks 87
Table 19. Descriptive statistics of groups 89
Table 20. Independent sample test results 91
Table 21. Results of independent sample t test for four groups of risk factors 92
Table 22. Descriptive statistics of public and private sector respondents 94
Table 23. Independent sample t test results 95
Table 24. Independent sample t test results 96
Table 25. Descriptive statistics of groups based on work experiences. 98
Table 26. Results of one-way ANOVA test 99
Table 27. Results of Tukey HSD Multiple Comparison test 99
Table 28. Result of one-way ANOVA for the four groups of risk factors. 100
Table 29. Results of Tukey HSD Multiple Comparison test 100
Figure 1. Concept of sustainable development of Mongolia-2030. Objectives of railway network development. 31
Figure 2. Vision 2050 long-term development policy Sainshand-Baruunurt Khuut and Nariinsukhait-Dalanzadgad-Tsogttsetsii. 32
Figure 3. Vision 2030 long-term development policy Choibalsan-Khuut-Bichigt and Artssuuri-Nariinsukhait-Shiveekhuren. 32
Figure 4. Indicators of competitiveness of Mongolian railways 34
Figure 5. Railway transport revenue of Mongolia 2015-2021 (one million tugrug) 35
Figure 6. Transported minerals (thousand tons) (as of 2022) 36
Figure 7. Organization chart 44
Figure 8. Mongolian PPP project's structure BT type. 46
Figure 9. PPP type of Mongolia. 47
Figure 10. PPP project of Mongolia by sectors. 48
Figure 11. The process of the PPP project 49
Figure 12. PPP project by sector (2023) 50
Figure 13. PPP Implementation scheme in new PPP Law 51
Figure 14. Research design 68
Figure 15. Ratio of public and private sector representation. 78
Figure 16. General risks percentage 83
Figure 17. Planning stage risk. 84
Figure 18. Construction stage risk 85
Figure 19. Operational risk 86