Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATION 15
1. INTRODUCTION 16
1.1. Background 16
1.2. Research Objectives 19
1.3. Scope 20
1.4. Significance of the Research 21
1.5. Organization of the Thesis 22
1.6. Short Overview of Primary Schools in Bangladesh 22
1.7. Short Overview of Primary Schools in Bhola 27
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 32
2.1. Climate change in Bangladesh 32
2.1.1. Flood 33
2.1.2. Cyclone 35
2.1.3. Rainfall 39
2.1.4. Heat waves 41
2.2. Significance of having inadequate drinking water in schools 47
2.3. Framework to address future climate change threats for drinking water supply in schools 48
2.4. Water Supply Options in the Context of Disaster Management 50
2.4.1. Mobile Water Treatment Plant 50
2.4.2. Transportation and Dispensation of Water 51
2.4.3. Pond Sand Filters (PSF) 52
2.4.4. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) 53
2.4.5. Tubewell 54
2.5. Current policies, projects, and action plans for safe drinking water for children in Bangladesh 55
2.5.1. National Child Policy 2011 55
2.5.2. National Education Policy 2010 56
2.5.3. National Hygiene Survey 2018 57
2.5.4. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) 2009 59
2.5.5. Fourth Primary Education Program (PEDP4) 61
2.5.6. National Policy for safe water supply and sanitation 1998 61
2.6. UNICEF's Call to Action for Child Health in the Face of Disease, Climate Risks, and Inadequate Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 62
2.7. Research Gap 66
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 68
3.1. Data Collection 68
3.1.1. Primary Data 68
3.1.2. Secondary Data 72
3.2. Study Area 73
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 74
4.1. Investigation of Water Supply Alternatives through On-Site Assessment 74
4.1.1. Deep tube well with 6 No. hand pump 74
4.1.2. Deep tube well with submersible Pump (TSP) / Tap Water Supply 75
4.2. General Information 76
4.3. Identification of Technology 79
4.4. Coverage and accessibility of Water Sources 81
4.5. Distance to Water source and effect on children 83
4.6. Status of water source for underprivileged children 86
4.7. WHO guideline vs Present Situation 86
4.8. Future Challenge 90
4.8.1. Heat and Cold wave 90
4.8.2. Rainfall 101
4.8.3. Flood and Cyclone 105
4.9. Future need assessment of Source 105
4.10. MAJOR FINDINGS 107
5. CONCLUSIONS 110
5.1. Conclusion 110
5.2. Recommendations 111
5.3. Limitations 114
5.4. Future Research 115
BIBLIOGRAPHY 116
APPENDIX 121
초록 131
Table 1. Countrywide number of Primary level educational institutions 23
Table 2. Countrywide number of total students in primary level educational institutions 25
Table 3. Countrywide number of total teachers in primary level educational institutions 26
Table 4. Total number of students in Bhola district 28
Table 5. Information of severe flood in last 25 years in Bangladesh 34
Table 6. Projection of total flooded area up to 2050 35
Table 7. Information of tidal height in severe cyclone in Bangladesh 36
Table 8. Information of Surge Height 37
Table 9. Annual probability chance of Cyclone in Bangladesh 37
Table 10. Projection of future surge height 38
Table 11. Decadal average rainfall in Bangladesh 40
Table 12. Future Climate change threat prediction by different Expert organizations 46
Table 13. Accessibility level to water sources of school students according to National Hygiene Survey 2018 59
Table 14. Future effect identified in BCCSAP 2009 against different hazards. 60
Table 15. Criterion of Four ladder for drinking water in schools mentioned in JMP Report 65
Table 16. Classification of Water Source according to MICS 2019 66
Table 17. Data collection method 69
Table 18. Summery of Questionnaire 70
Table 19. Number of users against per tube well 83
Table 20. Comparison of JMPR Criterion with Study Findings 87
Table 21. Monthly and Yearly temperature of Bhola district 90
Table 22. Monthly and Yearly Minimum Temperature in Bhola 97
Table 23. Data of Rainfall in Bhola District according to BMD, Dhaka 102
Figure 1. Age group of children studying in Primary schools of Bangladesh. 23
Figure 2. Gender wise total teachers in Barisal Division 29
Figure 3. Gender wise total teachers in Bhola district 30
Figure 4. High risk area under inundation in 2050 39
Figure 5. Trend of rainfall from 1901-2019 41
Figure 6. Trend of Maximum temperature from 1901-2019 42
Figure 7. Monthly Maximum, Minimum temperature and Precipitation from 1901-2019 43
Figure 8. District wise vulnerability to different Natural Hazards 44
Figure 9. District wise area vulnerable to flooding 45
Figure 10. Mobile treatment plant mounted on a vehicle. 51
Figure 11. Transportation and Dispensation of Water 51
Figure 12. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) 52
Figure 13. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) 53
Figure 14. Tubewell (On left Deep tubewell and on right Shallow tubewell) 54
Figure 15. Types of drinking water sources at primary school according to National Hygiene Survey 2018 58
Figure 16. Four ladder in JMP Report 64
Figure 17. Map of Study Area 73
Figure 18. Source of Drinking Water in Government Schools 77
Figure 19. Source of Drinking Water in Private Schools 78
Figure 20. Sectors involvement in installation of Water Source in Government Schools 78
Figure 21. Sectors involvement in installation of Water Source in Private Schools 79
Figure 22. Technology used in Government Schools 80
Figure 23. Technology used in Private Schools 81
Figure 24. Current accessibility rate to water source 82
Figure 25. Effect being water source far from classroom. 84
Figure 26. Reluctance of students collecting water far from classroom. 85
Figure 27. Temperature trend analysis by Mann-Kendall Test 92
Figure 28. Government teachers' prediction about future climate change challenge 94
Figure 29. Private teachers' prediction about future climate change challenge 94
Figure 30. Status of student's thirst level compared to previous year. 95
Figure 31. Willingness to drink more water. 96
Figure 32. Minimum temperature trend analysis by Mann-Kendall Test 99
Figure 33. Willingness of student to drink water if hot and cold water can ensure. 100
Figure 34. Status of Water Source during disaster 101
Figure 35. Rainfall trend analysis by Mann-Kendall test 104
Figure 36. Future need assessment of water source in Government and Private Schools 106
Equation 1. Mann-Kendall Statistics, S 72
Equation 2. Variance Statistics, Var (S) 72
Equation 3. Test Statistics Zc 72