Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 11
1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Background 12
1.2. Research Focus 17
1.3. Research Questions and Objectives 18
1.4. Significance of the Research 21
1.5. Organization of Thesis 22
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 24
2.1. Introduction to Air Quality and Particulate Matter 24
2.2. Urban Air Quality Challenges 25
2.3. Factors affecting Fine Particulate Concentrations 26
2.4. Land Use and its Impact on Air Quality 27
2.5. Previous Studies on Air Quality in Kigali 29
2.6. Gaps in Existing Literature 31
2.7. Conclusion 33
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
3.1. Introduction 35
3.2. Research Design 35
3.3. Study Area 37
3.4. Data Collection 39
3.5. Data Analysis 39
3.6. Limitations 40
4. Data Analysis and Interpretation 42
4.1. Descriptive analysis of Data 42
4.2. Seasonal Variation of PM 46
4.3. Correlation between PM and Environmental Variables 48
4.4. Demographic Characteristics of Study locations 63
5. Conclusion and Recommendation 69
5.1. Government Policies on Air Quality 69
5.2. Main Conclusion 82
5.3. Research Recommendations 86
5.4. Future Research Recommendations 89
BIBLIOGRAPHY 91
초록 99
Table 1. PM 10 Regression at Location A 50
Table 2. PM 2.5 Regression at location A 54
Table 3. PM 10 Regression at location B 57
Table 4. PM 2.5 Regression at location B 60
Table 5. Demographic Breakdown 64
Table 6. Emission limits specified in EAS 751:2010 72
Table 7. Emission restrictions for the cement industry 73
Table 8. Tolerance limits for ambient air quality 75
Table 9. Tolerance limits for industrial Pollution 75
Table 10. Pollutant level in ambient Air near Property boundary 76
Figure 1. Concentration of PM in African Cities 16
Figure 2. Map of Kigali showing the two sites. 37
Figure 3. Kicukiro Residential Area 37
Figure 4. Muhima Mixed Use Zone 38
Figure 5. Monthly PM 10 Averages at location A 42
Figure 6. Monthly PM 10 Averages at location B 43
Figure 7. Monthly PM 2.5 Averages at location A 44
Figure 8. Monthly PM 2.5 Averages location B 45
Figure 9. Seasonal Variation in PM at location A 46
Figure 10. Seasonal Variation in PM location B 48