Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background 13
1.2. Problem Statement 17
1.3. Research Objectives 22
1.4. Scope and Methodology 23
1.5. Organization of the Thesis 24
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 26
2.1. Introduction 26
2.2. Historical Overview of Rural Settlement in Rwanda 27
2.3. Rural settlement in the context of Developing countries 32
2.4. Theoretical Framework 34
2.5. Objectives and Outcomes of Rural Regrouping 37
2.6. Challenges in Rural Regrouping 38
2.6.1. Resistance from Local Communities 39
2.6.2. Land Acquisition Issues 41
2.6.3. Infrastructure and Service Provision 41
2.6.4. Livelihood Disruption 43
2.6.5. Social Dislocation 45
2.6.6. Environmental Impacts 47
2.7. Lessons from Other Countries 48
1. China's Danwei System 49
2. South Korea's Saemaul Undong 51
3. Vietnam's New Rural Development Program 54
4. Germany's Village Renewal Program 58
5. Ethiopia Rural Development and Villagization Program" or "RDP 61
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66
3.1. Introduction 66
3.2. Research questions 66
3.3. Conceptual framework 67
3.4. Research strategy 69
3.5. Data collection 69
3.6. Data Analysis 71
3.7. Significance of the research 73
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 75
4.1. Case Study Analysis 75
4.1.1. Physical characteristics 75
4.1.2. Land use composition 78
4.1.3. Overview of Urbanization and Rural Settlement 81
4.1.4. Demographic characteristics 86
4.1.5. Socio-Economic characteristics 87
4.2. Findings on Challenges in the Development of Rural Settlement Agglomerations in Gicumbi District 110
4.2.1. Analysis of the availability and accessibility to infrastructure and services 110
4.2.2. Analysis of the disconnection from agricultural lands and sources of livelihoods 137
4.2.3. Analysis of Socio-Economic implications on Rural Regrouping policy 143
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 147
5.1. Conclusion 147
5.2. Recommendations 150
1. for the Government 150
2. for the private sector 155
3. For imidugudu residents 156
5.3. Ethical consideration 157
5.4. Research limitations 157
5.5. Further studies 157
BIBLIOGRAPHY 159
초록 167
Table 1. Summary of types of data used in the research elaborated by the researcher 70
Table 2. Physical description of Gicumbi District Relief 77
Table 3. Planned Land Use Shares for Gicumbi District 79
Table 4. Gicumbi rural settlement sites per sector and area covered 84
Table 5. Distribution (%) of private households by type of habitat and sector of residence 102
Table 6. Road densities in Gicumbi district 113
Table 7. Distribution of electricity infrastructure 121
Table 8. Distribution of water network in Gicumbi District 126
Table 9. Distribution of public facilities 133
Table 10. Disconnection between rural settlement sites and agricultural lands 140
Figure 1. Gicumbi District Location Map 76
Figure 2. Slope of Gicumbi District 78
Figure 3. Map showing the scattered phenomenon of rural houses 81
Figure 4. Gicumbi Urban and Rural Settlement Structure Map 82
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of population density by sectors of Gicumbi District 88
Figure 6. Spatial distribution of Resident Population of Gicumbi District by sector and Sex in 2022 89
Figure 7. Age pyramid of the resident population of Gicumbi district in 2022 90
Figure 8. Distribution (count and %) of the resident population in Gicumbi district by sector and area of residence. 91
Figure 9. Employment to Population Ratio by age group and sex 93
Figure 10. Number and share (%) of children aged 0-17 years among the total resident population of Gicumbi district by sex and sector of residence 94
Figure 11. Number and share (%) of the resident youth aged 16-30 years among the total resident population of Gicumbi district by Sector of residence and sex 96
Figure 12. Employment to population ratio among youth population by 2022 97
Figure 13. Number and share (%) of the resident elderly (aged 60 years and above) among the total resident population of Gicumbi district by Sector of residence and sex 98
Figure 14. Distribution (count) and share of employed population among elderly people in Gicumbi District 99
Figure 15. Spatial distribution of the private households, their corresponding population and mean size 101
Figure 16. Spatial Distribution (%) of Private Households in planned rural settlements by sector 104
Figure 17. Spatial distribution of Housing ownership across Gicumbi sectors 106
Figure 18. Spatial distribution (count and %) of the private households of Gicumbi District by main source of water, Sector 108
Figure 19. Fig: Spatial distribution of agriculture households 109
Figure 20. Gicumbi District road network 112
Figure 21. Road density in the selected settlement sites of Gicumbi District 114
Figure 22. Road density in the prohibited settlement area of Gicumbi District 116
Figure 23. The entire Gicumbi District Road density 118
Figure 24. Map showing the Electricity distribution in Gicumbi District 124
Figure 25. Map showing the Water distribution in Gicumbi District 129
Figure 26. Map showing Public Facilities distribution in Gicumbi District 132
Figure 27. Map illustrating the scattered settlement phenomenon in Gicumbi District 138
Figure 28. Distance from settlement to Agricultural and livestock lands 139