Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background 13
1.2. Research Objective 18
1.3. Significance of the Research 18
1.4. Organization of the Thesis 20
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 21
2.1. Overview of the Indus River Basin and its Significance 21
2.2. Understanding Governance in the Context of Irrigation Water Management 23
2.3. Criteria for Examining the Effectiveness of Irrigation Water Governance 25
2.4. Evolution of Water Governance System in Pakistan 27
2.5. Water Governance Policies and Institutions in Pakistan 28
2.5.1. Federal Legal Instruments 29
2.5.2. Provincial Policies / Legal Instruments (Punjab) 32
2.6. Key Challenges Faced in Water governance. 38
2.7. Government Initiatives for Improving Irrigation Water Governance 42
2.8. Role of Federal & Provincial Institutions in Irrigation Water Governance 43
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 47
3.1. Study Area 47
3.2. Experts Survey 49
3.3. Analysis of Experts Survey 51
3.4. Farmers Survey 51
3.5. Statistical Analysis of Farmers Survey 53
3.6. Criteria for Examining Irrigation Efficiency 53
3.7. Study Area Mapping 56
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 57
4.1. Experts Interviews 57
4.1.1. Current Structure of Irrigation Water Governance - Actors and Coalition 57
4.1.2. Distribution of Resources 63
4.1.3. Rules of Governance 68
4.1.4. Discourse 70
4.1.5. Way Forward 71
4.2. Farmers Questionnaire 72
4.2.1. Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile 72
4.2.2. Irrigation Practices and Cost 77
4.2.3. Water Scarcity Issue and its Gravity in the Region 77
4.2.4. Willingness to Adopt Water Conservation Technologies 79
4.2.5. Inferential Statistics 82
4.3. Discussion 84
4.3.1. Current Water Governance Framework 84
4.3.2. Challenges of Irrigation Water Governance in the Region 85
4.3.3. Willingness to Adopt WCTs 88
4.3.4. Challenges and Opportunities for the Future 89
5. CONCLUSION 91
5.1. Recommendations 91
5.2. Conclusion 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY 95
Appendices 12
Appendix A. List of Experts Interviewed for the Study 102
Appendix B. Interview Questionnaire for Experts 103
Appendix C. Questionnaire for Farmers 108
초록 112
Table 1. Criteria Used for Assessing Irrigation Efficiency 54
Table 2. Perceived Influence of Stakeholders in the Management of Irrigation Water by Field Experts 60
Table 3. Socio-economic and demographic profile of the respondents 73
Table 4. Canal dependence and Household size of the respondents 74
Table 5. Average land operated by the surveyed farmers. 75
Table 6. Land quality perceived by the farmers in the study sites. 76
Table 7. Mean water prices paid by the farmers. 77
Table 8. Chi-square Analysis Between Education and the Perception that Water Scarcity Negatively Impacts Crop Yield 82
Table 9. Chi-square analysis between education and awareness of water-efficient irrigation practices that can help conserve water. 83
Table 10. Chi-square analysis between education and perception of implementing water-efficient irrigation practices can significantly conserve water 84
Figure 1. Pakistan's Water Governance Framework. 46
Figure 2. Map of Punjab Province (Cropping Zones) 48
Figure 3. Irrigation system in Punjab and neighbouring Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. 49
Figure 4. Map of Study Area 56
Figure 5. Flaws in Current Governance System of Irrigation Water Management 61
Figure 6. Role of Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations in Water Governance 62
Figure 7. Support Available to Farmers for Installation / Use of Water Conservation Technologies (WCT) 65
Figure 8. Mean Score of Information Support Available to the Farmers. 67
Figure 9. Response on Strategies to Promote Water Conservation Technologies (WCTs). 68
Figure 10.(a,b) Primary Source of Irrigation and Irrigation Method Used by the Farmers 77
Figure 11.(a - e) Water Scarcity Challenges and Awareness. 79
Figure 12.(a-d) Willingness to adopt WCTs by the Farmers. 80
Figure 13.(e-h) Willingness to adopt WCTs by the farmers 82