Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Background 12
1.2. Statement of the problem 14
1.3. Objective 17
1.4. Scope 18
1.5. Significance of the research 19
1.6. Organization of the thesis 21
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 23
2.1. Common-pool resources 24
2.2. The issue of the commons 25
2.3. Desing principle 27
2.4. Polycentricity 29
2.5. Adaptive co-management 31
2.5.1. Definition of adaptive co-management 32
2.5.2. Adaptive co-management principles 35
2.5.3. Application of adaptive co-management 45
2.6. Conceptual framework 46
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49
3.1. Introduction 49
3.2. Case study selection 49
3.3. National parks in Thailand 50
3.3.1. Current state of the studied area 51
3.4. Research method and data collection framework 52
3.5. Qualitative observation 53
3.6. In-depth interview 54
3.7. Questionnaire survey 54
3.8. Description of the participatory process 57
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 60
4.1. Conflict problems and the development of common-pool resource management in Sri Lanna National Park 60
4.1.1. Period one: The commencement of forest invasion leading to dependency (pre-1896) 61
4.1.2. Period two: forests facing degradation (1896-1964) 62
4.1.3. Period three: state-owned forests and conflicts (1964-2012) 68
4.1.4. Period four policy and legal changes: moving towards common-pool resources management (2013 - Present) 73
4.2. Demographical characteristics of respondents 82
4.2.1. The economic and social characteristics 83
4.2.2. Land tenure 94
4.2.3. The utilization of forest resources in the local community 95
4.3. The outcomes of the participatory process are per the Sri Lanna National Park ACM framework 99
4.3.1. Communication and collaboration 99
4.3.2. Social learning 110
4.3.3. An enabling policy environment (shared rights, responsibility and decision-making) 115
4.3.4. Building adaptive capacity and resilience 130
4.4. The lessons learned from the adaptive co-management approach have been implemented in Sri Lanna National Park. 133
4.4.1. Analysis of the internal and external environments 133
4.4.2. Factors promoting adaptive co-management 136
4.4.3. Limitations to the implementation of ACM in Sri Lanna National Park 141
4.4.4. Adaptive co-management in Sri Lanna National Park: challenges 149
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULT 153
5.1. ACM Process 153
5.2. Participatory process fostering ACM 155
6. CONCLUSIONS 157
6.1. Conclusion 157
6.2. Recommendations 160
6.3. Recommendations for future studies 161
BIBLIOGRAPHY 164
APPENDICES 171
Appendix Ⅰ. Interview questions 171
Appendix Ⅱ. Interview questions (list for in-depth interview and discussion) 172
Appendix Ⅲ. Questionnaire 175
Appendix Ⅳ. Database survey of seasonal renewable natural resources in Sri Lanna National Park "National Park Act B.E. 2562 (2019), Section 65" 183
초록 184
Table 1. Design Principles: Concept, Explanation and Propositions. 28
Table 2. Comparison of adaptive management, co-management, and adaptive co-management concepts. 34
Table 3. Number of households and number of sample households 57
Table 4. Overview of the interviewee' demographic characteristics 86
Table 5. Place of Origin Information for the Sample Group 87
Table 6. Occupations of the Interviewees 88
Table 7. Income and expenditure of the interviewees 90
Table 8. Community-established groups 92
Table 9. Membership in community groups 94
Table 10. The primary utilization of natural resources 97
Table 11. A Stakeholder identification of Sri Lanna national park 101
Table 12. Significance of Community Leaders 105
Table 13. Illustrates the participation of stakeholders in the land tenure survey process and the utilization of resources. 109
Table 14. Shared rights in Sri Lanna National Park 119
Table 15. The process of formulating rules and regulations in Pa Tung Ngam village follows eight design principles for institutions. 126
Table 16. Summary of the process of formulating rules and regulations in Pa Tung Ngam village follows eight design principles for institutions. 129
Table 17. Building adaptive capacity and resilience of ACM in Sri Lanna National Park 131
Table 18. SWOT Analysis 134
Table 19. Challenges of Adaptive Co-Management in Sri Lanna National Park 151
Figure 1. A conceptual framework reference to protected areas through ACM approach. 44
Figure 2. The conceptual framework for examining the progress of participatory by implementing adaptive co-management framework case study of Sri Lanna... 48
Figure 3. Map of Sri Lanna National Park 52
Figure 4. Adaptive co-management analytical model 81
Figure 5. The picture representation illustrates the geographical location of Pa Tung Ngam village. 95
Figure 6. Stakeholder Map 104
Figure 7. Social Learning Process in Sri Lanna National Park. 114