Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 12
1.1. Background 12
1.2. Research Objectives 18
1.3. Scope 18
1.4. Significance of the Research 20
1.5. Organization of the Thesis 21
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 23
2.1. Urban Form 23
2.2. Density 26
2.3. Land Use Diversity 27
2.4. Accessibility 29
2.5. Air Quality 30
2.6. Density and Land Use Diversity relate with Air Quality 33
2.7. Literature Conceptual Framework 35
2.8. Research Related to Urban Form, Accessibility and Air Quality 36
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40
3.1. Data Collection 40
3.1.1. Data Needed 40
3.1.2. Data Collection Method 40
3.2. Data Analysis 41
3.2.1. Surakarta City 41
3.2.2. Density and Land Use Diversity 44
3.2.3. Land Use Diversity with Index Simpson (D) 46
3.2.4. The Relationship between Density and Land Use Diversity 48
3.2.5. Parameters for Density and Land Use Diversity 49
3.2.6. Accessibility 51
3.2.7. Indicators of Density and Land Use Diversity Related to Air Quality 52
3.2.8. Indicator of Air Quality 53
3.3. Summary of Research Methodology 55
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 55
4.1. Surakarta Density 60
4.1.1. Population Density 60
4.1.2. Building Density 61
4.1.3. Housing Density 61
4.1.4. Recap Surakarta Density 62
4.2. Surakarta Land Use Diversity 64
4.2.1. Surakarta Land Use Diversity by Simpson Index (D) 70
4.3. Urban Form in Surakarta 73
4.4. Surakarta Accessibility 74
4.4.1. Travel Time 74
4.4.2. Distance 76
4.5. The relationship between Urban Form and Accessibility 77
4.6. Surakarta Air Quality 80
4.7. Density and Land Use Diversity relate with Air Quality 82
4.8. SO2 and NO2 Emission Levels Per Individual in Surakarta 86
5. CONCLUSIONS 88
5.1. Recommendations 88
5.2. Conclusion 89
5.3. Limitation of Study 90
5.4. Recommendations for Future Studies 91
BIBLIOGRAPHY 92
초록 110
Table 1. Assessing the sustainability of urban form 25
Table 2. Differences between land use and land use diversity 27
Table 3. Comparison of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 32
Table 4. Research related to urban form, accessibility and air quality 36
Table 5. Indicators measurement of density and land use diversity elements 44
Table 6. Illustration for interpreting simpson's diversity index score 47
Table 7. Population density parameters 49
Table 8. Land use diversity parameters based on Simpson index results 49
Table 9. Code usage for density and land use diversity 49
Table 10. A combination of density and land use diversity 50
Table 11. Indicators measurement of accessibility 51
Table 12. Urban form indicators related to air quality 52
Table 13. Indicators measurement of air quality 54
Table 14. Summary of research methodology 55
Table 15. Area, population and population density of Surakarta city 60
Table 16. Building density in Surakarta 61
Table 17. Housing/settlement density 61
Table 18. Recap Surakarta density 62
Table 19. Land use diversity measurement in Surakarta 64
Table 20. Land use diversity measurement in Surakarta based on built-up area and open area 65
Table 21. Percentage of land use in Surakarta 70
Table 22. Simpson index (D) analysis results 71
Table 23. land use diversity category in Surakarta 72
Table 24. Urban form in Surakarta 73
Table 25. Travel time 75
Table 26. Measurement of travel distance 76
Table 27. The relationship between urban form and accessibility 78
Table 28. Air quality index (IKU) 80
Table 29. Indicator data on density, land use diversity and emissions of SO2, NO2 82
Table 30. Relationship between density, land use diversity and SO2, NO2 emissions 83
Table 31. Relationship between urban form and SO2, NO2 emissions 84
Table 32. Proportion of SO2 and NO2 with population 87
Figure 1. Conceptual framework 35
Figure 2. World map (a), Indonesia map (b), Map of 5 sub-districts in Surakarta (c) 43
Figure 3. Parameters of housing density, Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 49
Figure 4. Total area Municipality in Jawa Tengah Province, 2022 56
Figure 5. Total area regency/municipality in Jawa Tengah Province 57
Figure 6. Maps of regency/municipality in Jawa Tengah Province 58
Figure 7. Total population density regency/municipality in Jawa Tengah Province 59
Figure 8. Density map in Surakarta city 64
Figure 9. Percentage of land use diversity in Surakarta 65
Figure 10. Land use map of Surakarta city 67
Figure 11. Land use map of Surakarta city section A 68
Figure 12. Land use map of Surakarta city section B 69
Figure 13. Map of land use diversity in Surakarta 72
Figure 14. A map of the city form in Surakarta 74
Figure 15. Travel Time Index (TTI) 75
Figure 16. Travel distance 77
Figure 17. The relationship between Urban Form and Accessibility 79
Figure 18. Air quality index 81
Figure 19. Density, land use diversity and SO2, NO2 emissions 84