Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Background 13
1.2. Research objectives 20
1.3. Scope 21
1.4. Significance of the research 21
1.5. Organization of the thesis 22
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 24
2.1. Ecotourism concept and principles 24
2.2. Ecotourism: a panacea for the environment, economy and society 31
2.3. Challenges and barriers for ecotourism development 35
2.4. Ecotourism stakeholders 37
2.5. Stakeholder and perception on ecotourism 40
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 44
3.1. Research methods and data collection 44
3.1.1. Stakeholder analysis 44
3.1.2. Questionnaire survey 46
3.1.3. Interview 48
3.1.4. Tour observation 49
3.2. Research plan 50
4. ECOTOURISM FRAMEWORK IN ALGERIA 52
4.1. Policy and strategic framework for the sustainable tourism in Algeria 54
4.2. Regulatory framework 59
4.3. Governance framework 64
4.4. Study area 66
4.4.1. General information about Tipaza 66
4.4.2. Analysis of ecotourism stakeholders in Tipaza 72
5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF COLLECTED DATA 84
5.1. Questionnaire 84
5.1.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 84
5.1.2. Respondents' understanding of ecotourism 87
5.1.3. Respondents' perception of responsibility and behavior 93
5.1.4. Respondents' opinion of hiking experience 95
5.1.5. Respondents' opinions and suggestions for ecotourism development 99
5.1.6. Questionnaire results summary 103
5.2. Semi-structured Interviews 104
5.2.1. Hiking guides 106
5.2.2. Host community 108
5.2.3. Interview results summary 111
5.3. Tour Observation 112
5.3.1. Circuit n°1 112
5.3.2. Circuit n°2 117
5.3.3. Tour observation results summary 120
6. CONCLUSIONS 123
6.1. Recommendations 123
6.2. Conclusion 124
6.3. Limitation 126
6.4. Suggestions for future studies 128
BIBLIOGRAPHY 129
Appendices 136
Appendix 1. Ecotourism stakeholders in Tipaza 136
Appendix 2. The survey questionnaire 138
Appendix 3. Guide interviews script 142
Appendix 4. Host interviews script 144
Appendix 5. Guidelines for tour observation 145
초록 147
Table 1. Potential stakeholders involved in ecotourism development. 38
Table 2. Main acts and regulations related to sustainable practices in the field of tourism. 60
Table 3. List of key informants involved in stakeholders analysis in Tipaza. 73
Table 4. List of "Definitive Actors" identified in the development of ecotourism in Tipaza. 77
Table 5. Respondents' ecotourism familiarity and ecotourism understanding level Crosstabulation. 90
Table 6. The relationship between gender and the respondent's ecotourism level of understanding. 91
Table 7. The relationship between level of education and the respondent's ecotourism level of understanding. 92
Table 8. The relationship between income and the respondent's ecotourism level of understanding. 92
Table 9. The relationship between employment status and the ecotourism level of understanding. 93
Table 10. Result of respondents' perception of their responsibility and behaviors. 94
Table 11. Result of respondents motivating factors for group hiking participation. 98
Table 12. Result of respondents' importance of factors in improving hiking Experience. 99
Figure 1. Relationship between the 12 aims and the pillars of sustainability. 15
Figure 2. Photography of the ancient ruins of Roman, Tipaza with a view on Mont du Chenoua. 19
Figure 3. Position of nature based tourism, ecotourism within the broader category of sustainable tourism 25
Figure 4. Evolution of the meaning of ecotourism. 26
Figure 5. Theoretical model-relationships among awareness, perception, attitude, behavior intention, and actual behavior. 41
Figure 6. The Salience Model Diagram. 45
Figure 7. Research process. 51
Figure 8. Tipaza map. 67
Figure 9. Archaeological site of Tipaza. 67
Figure 10. Map of the Chenoua protected area structured by zone. 69
Figure 11. Few examples of Mount Chenoua's plant species. 70
Figure 12. Few examples of Mount Chenoua's fauna. 71
Figure 13. Venn Diagram representing ecotourism stakeholders in the Wilaya of Tipaza based on the SMSC. 74
Figure 14. Distribution of respondents by wilaya of residence. 85
Figure 15. Distribution of respondents by gender. 85
Figure 16. Distribution of respondents by age. 85
Figure 17. Distribution of respondents by educational level. 86
Figure 18. Distribution of respondents by income (1.000 DZD=7.2799 USD). 87
Figure 19. Distribution of respondents by employment status. 87
Figure 20. Distribution of respondents' answers regarding ecotourism familiarity. 88
Figure 21. Distribution of respondents' level of ecotourism understanding. 89
Figure 22. Respondents' perception of their responsibility and behaviors. 95
Figure 23. Distribution of respondents according to their participation in guided walks in Tipaza. 96
Figure 24. Distribution of respondents according to their willingness to participate in guided hikes. 96
Figure 25. Distribution of respondents according to their level of satisfaction with their experience of guided walks in Tipaza. 96
Figure 26. Sources of information of respondents on guided hiking offers in Tipaza. 97
Figure 27. Respondents motivating factors for group hiking participation. 98
Figure 28. Respondents' importance of factors in improving hiking Experience. 100
Figure 29. Visualization of Respondents' suggestions for tourism development activities in natural areas. 102
Figure 30. Location of the Sidi Braham hiking trail. 113
Figure 31. Photographies of guided hike, circuit n.1. 113
Figure 32. Mausoleum of Sidi Ibrahim El Kabir, circuit n.1. 114
Figure 33. Phtographies of hotspots on circuit n.1. 115
Figure 34. Phtographies of participants activities in guided hike circuit n.1. 115
Figure 35. Phtographies of litter in the natural environment, circuit n.1. 116
Figure 36. Location of the Teguermine-Beldj hiking trail. 118
Figure 37. Photographies of guided hike, circuit n.2. 118
Figure 38. Phtographies of participants activities in guided hike, circuit n.2. 119