Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 15
1.1. BACKGROUND 16
1.2. SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH 20
1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW 22
(1) Fire and egress simulation 22
(2) Evaluation of Egress safety 22
(3) Fire egress guidance 23
CHAPTER 2. EVALUATION OF EGRESS SAFETY 25
2.1. FIRE SIMULATION MODEL 26
(1) Definition of large multiplex buildings 26
(2) Calculation of fire simulation target floor plan considering the characteristics of Large Multiplex Buildings 29
(3) Development of fire scenarios considering the floor plan and occupant characteristics of large multiplex buildings 31
(4) Fire simulation method for large multiplex buildings 35
2.2. FIRE SIMULATION RESULTS 38
(1) Office and assembly facility (office) 38
(2) Office and assembly facilities (cafeteria) 41
(3) Sales and assembly facility (commercial) 44
(4) Sales and assembly facility (movie theater) 46
2.3. EGRESS SIMULATION MODEL 48
2.4. EGRESS SIMULATION RESULTS 51
(1) Office and assembly facilities (office) 51
(2) Office and assembly facilities (cafeteria) 52
(3) Sales and assembly facility (commercial) 53
(4) Sales and assembly facility (movie theater) 54
2.5. EVALUATION METHOD OF EGRESS SAFETY 55
(1) Office and assembly facility (office) 55
(2) Office and assembly facility (cafeteria) 56
(3) Sales and assembly facility (commercial) 58
(4) Sales and assembly facility (movie theaters) 59
(5) Egress safety evaluation method for large multiplex buildings 61
2.6. SUMMARY 65
CHAPTER 3. FIRE EGRESS SAFE TIME PREDICTION MODEL 66
3.1. CONSTRUCTION OF DATABASE BASED ON FIRE SIMULATION 67
3.2. CORRELATION BETWEEN FIRE TEMPERATURE BETWEEN TOXIC GASES 76
3.3. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS 83
(1) Artificial Neural Network 83
(2) Safe time prediction model 87
3.4. DEVELOPING AN SAFE TIME PREDICTION PROGRAM 93
3.5. SUMMARY 96
CHAPTER 4. EGRESS MODEL CONSIDERING BOTTLENECKS 97
4.1. OCCUPANT CONTOURING ALGORITHM 98
4.2. EGRESS MODEL 100
4.3. DEVELOPING AND EGRESS PROGRAM 105
4.4. VALIDATION OF EGRESS MODEL WITH CASE STUDIES 113
4.5. SUMMARY 120
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS 122
REFERENCES 126
ABSTRACT (IN KOREAN) 132
Table 2-1. Literature on large multiplex buildings 27
Table 2-2. Fire Scenarios (total of 24 cases) 32
Table 2-3. Suitability of Fire Diameter in Fire Simulations 36
Table 2-4. Characteristics of Fire Simulation 37
Table 2-5. Tenability criteria (NFPA) 37
Table 2-6. Egress Delay time Standards (British Standards Institute) 49
Table 2-7. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 1(Office)) 55
Table 2-8. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 2(Cafeteria)) 57
Table 2-9. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 3(Commercial)) 59
Table 2-10. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 4(Movie Theater)) 60
Table 3-1. Fire Scenarios for Office and Assembly Facility (Office) (60) 70
Table 3-2. Fire Scenarios for Office and Assembly Facility (Cafeteria) (30) 71
Table 3-3. Fire Scenarios for Sales and Assembly Facility (Commercial) (60) 72
Table 3-4. Fire Scenarios for Sales and Assembly Facility (Movie Theater) (60) 73
Table 3-5. Fire Simulation Database for Fire area 74
Table 3-6. Information of the building subject to fire scenarios 76
Table 3-7. Slope of various gas concentrations according to the fire temperature by types of combustibles 81
Table 3-8. Range of ANN Input and Output Variables for Fire area 81
Table 3-9. Range of ANN Input and Output Variables for Non-Fire area 82
Table 3-10. Weights and Bias for ANN Models 91
Table 4-1. Bottleneck Levels 99
Table 4-2. Simulation Results of the Proposed Egress Model 104
Table 4-3. Visibility according to the Light Attenuation Factor 115
Table 4-4. Comparison of scale model experimental results and fire simulation results 119
Figure 1-1. Building Fires 19
Figure 1-2. Research overview 21
Figure 2-1. Vertical and horizontal large multiplex buildings (example) 29
Figure 2-2. Horizontal large multiplex buildings 30
Figure 2-3. Vertical large multiplex buildings 30
Figure 2-4. Fire Scenarios of Office and Assembly Facility (Office) 32
Figure 2-5. Fire Scenarios of Office and Assembly Facility (Cafeteria) 33
Figure 2-6. Fire Scenarios of Sales and Assembly Facility (Commercial) 33
Figure 2-7. Fire Scenarios of Sales and Assembly Facility (Movie Theater) 34
Figure 2-8. Fire Simulation Results (Case 1 (Office) - without ventilation) 39
Figure 2-9. Fire Simulation Results (Case 1 (Office) - with ventilation) 40
Figure 2-10. Fire Simulation Results (Case 2 (cafeteria) - without ventilation) 42
Figure 2-11. Fire Simulation Results (Case 2 (cafeteria) - with ventilation) 43
Figure 2-12. Fire Simulation Results (Case 3 (Commercial)) 45
Figure 2-13. Fire Simulation Results (Case 4 (Movie Theater) 47
Figure 2-14. Egress Simulation Model 50
Figure 2-15. Egress Simulation Results (Case 1 (Office)) 51
Figure 2-16. Egress Simulation Results (Case 2 (Cafeteria)) 52
Figure 2-17. Egress Simulation Results (Case 3 (Commercial)) 53
Figure 2-18. Egress Simulation Results (Case 4 (Movie Theater)) 54
Figure 2-19. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 1(Office)) 56
Figure 2-20. Evaluation of Egress Safety (Case 2(Cafeteria)) 58
Figure 2-21. Evaluation method of Egress Safety 64
Figure 3-1. Fire Simulation Model 69
Figure 3-2. Locations of Fire Sources and Measurement Points in Office and Assembly Facility (Office) 70
Figure 3-3. Locations of Fire Sources and Measurement Points in Office and Gathering Facility (Cafeteria) 71
Figure 3-4. Locations of Fire Sources and Measurement Points in Sales and Assembly (Commercial) 72
Figure 3-5. Locations of Fire Sources and Measurement Points in Sales and Assembly Facility (Movie Theater) 73
Figure 3-6. Fire Simulation Results (Fire area - Case 1) 78
Figure 3-7. Fire Simulation Results (Non-Fire area) 79
Figure 3-8. Slope Graph of Distance from Fire Source for Non-Fire area (Case-1) 80
Figure 3-9. Artificial Neural Network Overview 83
Figure 3-10. Activation function 85
Figure 3-11. Artificial Neural Network Structure 85
Figure 3-12. Variable importance analysis 87
Figure 3-13. Construction of Artificial Neural Network Model 88
Figure 3-14. Artificial Neural Network Model 89
Figure 3-15. Training results of an ANN Model for fire and non-fire areas 90
Figure 3-16. Safe Time Estimation Program Startup Process 93
Figure 3-17. Safe Time Estimation Program Input Process 94
Figure 3-18. Safe Time Estimation Program Output Process 95
Figure 4-1. Occupancy contouring algorithm 99
Figure 4-2. Crowd Density 99
Figure 4-3. Flowchart of Egress Model 102
Figure 4-4. Application of the Egress Algorithm 103
Figure 4-5. Egress Route Planning Program Main Menu 105
Figure 4-6. Egress Route Planning Program Floor Plan Configuration Process 106
Figure 4-7. Egress Route Planning Program Fire and Location Configuration Process 107
Figure 4-8. Egress Route Planning Program Detector Configuration Process 108
Figure 4-9. Egress Route Planning Program Occupancy Configuration Process 109
Figure 4-10. Egress Route Planning Program Exit Configuration Process 109
Figure 4-11. Egress Route Planning Program System Setup Process 110
Figure 4-12. Egress Route Planning Program Results 111
Figure 4-13. Egress Route Planning Program Functions 112
Figure 4-14. Scale model 114
Figure 4-15. Production of the scale model 116
Figure 4-16. Measurement Program operating screen 117
Figure 4-17. Measured data saved through the measurement program 117
Figure 4-18. Comparison between the scale model and the fire simulation 118