Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 17
1.1. Background 17
1.1.1. Overview of Urbanization 17
1.1.2. Overview of 15-minute City 18
1.1.3. Planning Support System Role 20
1.2. Significance of the Research 20
1.3. Research Design 22
1.3.1. Research Problem 22
1.3.2. Research Objectives 26
1.3.3. Research Contribution 28
1.3.4. Organization of the Dissertation 30
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 34
2.1. Transport Emissions 36
2.1.1. Overview of Transport Emissions 36
2.1.2. Driving Factors of Transport Emissions 37
2.1.3. Transport Decarbonization 39
2.1.4. Summary 41
2.2. Sustainable Mobility 43
2.2.1. Overview of Sustainable Mobility 43
2.2.2. Equity in Sustainable Mobility 46
2.2.3. Summary 49
2.3. Policies for Sustainable Mobility 51
2.3.1. Active Mobility: Cycling and Walking 51
2.3.2. Mobility hubs 54
2.3.3. Travel Demand Management 58
2.3.4. Ecofriendly vehicles 59
2.3.5. Summary 61
2.4. 15-minute City Model 64
2.4.1. Theory of 15-minute city 64
2.4.2. Pillars of 15-minute City 66
2.4.3. Lack of a 15-minute City Roadmap 67
2.4.4. Summary 70
2.5. Planning Support System (PSS) 72
2.5.1. Overview of a PSS 72
2.5.2. PSS Role in Decision-Making 74
2.5.3. PSS Implementation Challenges 75
2.5.4. PSS for a 15-minute City 77
2.5.5. Summary 78
2.6. Literature Conclusion and Critic 79
3. METHODOLOGY 82
3.1. Analysis Framework 82
3.2. Database Development 85
3.2.1. Data Description 85
3.2.2. Database Development 86
3.3. Hub Location Problem 87
3.3.1. HLP Introduction 87
3.3.2. HLP Framework 88
3.3.3. Research Adopted HLP Model 89
3.4. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods 95
3.4.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 97
3.4.2. CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) Method 101
3.5. Metrics Development 104
3.6. Validation and Prediction Methods 106
3.6.1. Generative Artificial Intelligence 106
3.6.2. Random Forest Regression 108
3.7. Locations Selection Methods 109
3.7.1. K-mean Algorithm 109
3.7.2. Simulated Annealing 111
3.7.3. Genetic Algorithm 113
3.7.4. Suitability Analysis 115
3.7.5. GIS Location-Allocation 117
3.8. Traffic Assignment Method 119
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 122
4.1. Developing the Input Metrics 122
4.1.1. Slope Metric 122
4.1.2. Land use mix Metric 123
4.1.3. Economic Viability Metric 124
4.1.4. Air Quality Metric 125
4.1.5. Safety Metric 127
4.1.6. Greenness Metric 128
4.1.7. Parking Metric 129
4.1.8. Walkability Metric 131
4.1.9. Cycling Metric 133
4.1.10. Transit Accessibility Metric 134
4.1.11. Social Equity Metric 137
4.1.12. Congestion Metric 139
4.2. Developing the 15-minute City Index 141
4.3. HLP Location Selection 146
4.4. Suitability Analysis Validation 149
4.5. Feedback Loop Results 154
4.6. Validation: Traffic Assignment 156
4.7. Discussion 159
4.7.1. Developing a 15-minute City Index 159
4.7.2. Using Combined Optimization Methods 162
4.7.3. Selecting the Best Scenario 164
4.7.4. Package of Policies 167
4.7.5. Policy Package Design 170
4.7.6. Policy Recommendations for Implementation 175
4.7.7. Summary 179
5. CONCLUSIONS 183
5.1. Research Summary 183
5.2. Research Limitations 186
5.3. Future Directions 187
REFERENCES 190
APPENDICES: METRICS DEVELOPMENT 199
1. Land use mix Metric 199
2. Centrality Metrics 200
3. Spatial Autocorrelation: Moran Index 204
4. Spatial Dependence: Lagrange Multiplier 205
5. Spatial heterogeneity: Chow Test 206
6. Geographic Weighted Regression 207
7. GIS Service Area 210
ABBREVIATIONS 212
ABSTRACT (초록) 214
Table 1. Model's input data 86
Table 2. Variables used in the HLP model 91
Table 3. Emissions Coefficients per Mode 158
Table 4. Site Characteristics for each Policy Package 175
Figure 1. World CCPI Index Ranking 23
Figure 2. CO2 target reduction and Seoul 2030 Vision 24
Figure 3. Research Problem Elements 26
Figure 4. Simplified General Framework 83
Figure 5. Research Flow chart 84
Figure 6. Examples of Database Elements 87
Figure 7. AHP Implementation Steps 99
Figure 8. AHP Advantages and Limitations 100
Figure 9. Steps of CRITIC Implementation 102
Figure 10. CRITIC Advantages and Limitations 103
Figure 11. Slope Index of Seoul 123
Figure 12. Land Use Mix Index 124
Figure 13. Economic Viability Metric 125
Figure 14. Air Quality Index 127
Figure 15. Road Safety Index 128
Figure 16. Greenness Metric 129
Figure 17. Parking Metric 131
Figure 18. Walkability Metric 133
Figure 19. Cycling Metric 134
Figure 20. Transit Accessibility Metric 137
Figure 21. Social Equity Metric 139
Figure 22. Congestion Metric Methodology 140
Figure 23. Congestion Metric 141
Figure 24. Flow Chart of the 15-minute City Index 142
Figure 25. Results of 15-minute Index 143
Figure 26. Sensitivity of 15-minute Index using G-AI 144
Figure 27. Forecasting 15-minute Index 145
Figure 28. Future 15-minute Index Values 146
Figure 29. HLP Optimization Methodology 148
Figure 30. Best Selected Locations 149
Figure 31. Optimization and Suitability Results 151
Figure 32. Feedback Loop Methodology and Results 155
Figure 33. Difference in Volumes (scenario_0 - Scenario_1) 158
Figure 34. ArcGIS Community Analysis Output 172
Figure 35. Hotpot Analysis Example 173
Figure 36. Hierarchical design of Mobility Hubs 174
Figure 37. Moran Index Test 205
Figure 38. Validation of GWR 209