표제지
국문초록
목차
제1장 서론 18
제1절 연구배경 및 필요성 18
제2절 연구목적 및 연구내용 21
제2장 이론적 배경 24
제1절 선행연구 24
제2절 바이오매스 및 폐목재 27
1. 폐자원 바이오매스 27
2. 폐목재 발생량 및 재활용 현황 32
제3절 열처리 기술 및 열수가압탄화 38
1. 열처리 기술 및 열수가압탄화 원리 38
2. 열처리 및 열수가압탄화로 생성된 바이오차의 활용 및 특성 42
제4절 흡착특성 48
1. 활성탄 흡착 48
2. 흡착량과 흡착속도 57
3. 흡착평형과 흡착등온식 60
4. 파과곡선 65
제5절 휘발성유기화합물 및 톨루엔 67
1. 휘발성유기화합물 배출량 및 제거방법 67
2. 톨루엔 배출특성 및 기본물성 71
제3장 연구내용 및 방법 73
제1절 실험재료 및 유해성 분석 73
1. 폐목재 종류 73
2. 중금속 용출시험 73
제2절 폐목재 및 바이오차 성분분석 74
1. 수율 74
2. 공업분석 74
3. 원소분석 75
제3절 열수가압탄화 실험장치 및 반응조건 76
1. 반응원리 및 실험장치 76
2. 반응조건 78
제4절 바이오차의 화학적 활성화 조건 및 특성분석 79
1. 활성화 조건 79
2. 요오드흡착능 80
3. 비표면적, 세공크기, 세공부피 및 세공분포 80
4. 주사전자현미경(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) 80
5. 표면화학분석(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) 81
6. 흡착실험을 위한 활성된 바이오차 선정방법 81
제5절 톨루엔 흡착실험 82
1. 실험장치 및 방법 82
2. 흡착실험방법 및 조건 84
제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 85
제1절 폐목재 중금속 용출특성 및 구성성분 85
1. 유해성 확인을 위한 폐목재의 중금속 용출특성 85
2. 폐목재의 성분분석을 위한 공업분석 및 원소분석 87
제2절 열수가압탄화에 의해 생성된 바이오차 특성 89
1. 바이오차 생성 수율 89
2. 바이오차 성분분석을 위한 공업분석 91
3. 바이오차 원소분석 94
4. 활성화를 위한 바이오차 선정 97
제3절 화학적 활성화에 의해 생성된 활성 바이오차 특성 98
1. 활성 바이오차 생성 수율 98
2. 활성 바이오차 요오드흡착능 103
3. 흡착성능 확인을 위한 비표면적, 세공크기, 세공부피 및 세공분포 109
4. SEM 표면 관찰 118
5. 흡착실험을 위한 활성 바이오차 선정 121
6. 활성 바이오차 및 상용 활성탄 흡착성능 비교 122
7. XPS 표면 분석 123
제4절 활성 바이오차의 톨루엔 흡착특성 131
1. 톨루엔 농도에 따른 흡착량 131
2. 톨루엔 흡착속도 134
3. Langmuir 및 Freundlich 흡착등온식 142
4. 연속흡착에 따른 톨루엔 파과곡선 146
제5장 결론 152
참고문헌 157
Abstract 174
Table 2.1. Elementary analysis of biomass feedstocks 29
Table 2.2. The classification of waste and recycling type by Korea Waste Management Law 32
Table 2.3. The classification of waste recycling by Korea Waste Management Law 35
Table 2.4. The generation of wood waste in Korea 36
Table 2.5. Typical product yield obtain by different mode of pyrolysis of wood 39
Table 2.6. Comparison of reaction conditions and typical product yield for thermo chemical processes with char 40
Table 2.7. The characteristics of selected feedstocks used in the activated carbon production 49
Table 2.8. Comparison of physical and chemical adsorption 56
Table 2.9. Characteristics of adsorption isotherms types. 62
Table 2.10. Air pollutant emissions in Korea 68
Table 2.11. VOCs emissions by source category in Korea 69
Table 2.12. Properties of toluene 72
Table 3.1. Operating conditions of HTC in this study 78
Table 3.2. Conditions of biochar activation in this study 80
Table 3.3. Sampling set for activated biochars in this study 81
Table 4.1. Leaching test for standard criterion by Korean Waste Management Law 85
Table 4.2. Proximate and elementary analysis of wood waste 88
Table 4.3. Proximate analysis of biochar with various temperatures and time by HTC 93
Table 4.4. Elementary analysis of biochar with various temperatures and time by HTC 96
Table 4.5. Comparison of specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter among activated biochar 112
Table 4.6. Selected activated biochar of proper conditions 121
Table 4.7. Comparison of iodine adsorptivity for activated carbon and activated biochar 122
Table 4.8. Comparison of specific surface area for activated carbon and activated biochar 122
Table 4.9. C1s and O1s binding energy and area of surface elements on HTC biochar, ABK, ABN and ABZ 126
Table 4.10. Functional groups obtain from deconvolution of C1s peak area for HTC biochar, ABK, ABN and ABZ 130
Table 4.11. Adsorption kinetic parameters from activated biochar for toluene concentration 136
Table 4.12. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms parameters from ABK, ABN and ABZ 143
Table 4.13. Breakthrough time for effect of inlet concentration, flow rate and adsorbent amount from ABK, ABN and ABZ 148
Fig. 1.1. A flowchart in this study 23
Fig. 2.1. The classification of biomass 28
Fig. 2.2. A schematic diagram of biochar modifications and enhanced performance of engineered biochars 43
Fig. 2.3. A schematic illustration of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic core-shell chemical structure of the hydrochar... 46
Fig. 2.4. Crystalline structure of (a) graphite, (b) activated carbon 53
Fig. 2.5. Activated carbon structure including various functional groups 55
Fig. 2.6. The IUPAC classification for adsorption isotherms (IUPAC, 2015) 61
Fig. 2.7. A schematic of a typical breakthrough curve in a fixed-bed adsorption process 66
Fig. 3.1. A schematic diagram of HTC vessel in this study (Parr Instrument Company) 77
Fig. 3.2. The equipment of HTC in this study(Parr Instrument Company) 77
Fig. 3.3. A schematic diagram of adsorption experiment in this study 83
Fig. 3.4. The equipment of FT-IR in this study 83
Fig. 4.1. Concentration of leaching heavy metal with wood waste by KLT and TCLP (a) Pb, (b) Cu, (c) As, (d) Cr⁶⁺, (e) Cd 86
Fig. 4.2. Yield of biochar with various temperatures and time by HTC 90
Fig. 4.3. Yield of biochar for KOH activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and activation temperatures (a) 700... 100
Fig. 4.4. Yield of biochar for NaOH activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and activation temperatures (a) 700... 101
Fig. 4.5. Yield of biochar for ZnCl₂ activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and activation temperatures (a) 700... 102
Fig. 4.6. Iodine adsorptivity of activated biochar for KOH activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and... 106
Fig. 4.7. Iodine adsorptivity of activated biochar for NaOH activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and... 107
Fig. 4.8. Iodine adsorptivity of activated biochar for ZnCl₂ activation ratio 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 with various activation time and... 108
Fig. 4.9. Pore size distribution of KOH-activated biochar 116
Fig. 4.10. Pore size distribution of NaOH-activated biochar 116
Fig. 4.11. Pore size distribution of ZnCl₂-activated biochar 117
Fig. 4.12. SEM image of biochar by HTC 300℃, 4 hr 119
Fig. 4.13. SEM images of KOH-activated biochar (a) KOH 1.0 800-90, (b) KOH 1.0 850-60 119
Fig. 4.14. SEM images of KOH-activated biochar (a) KOH 1.5 800-60, (b) KOH 1.5 850-60 119
Fig. 4.15. SEM images of NaOH-activated biochar for (a) NaOH 1.0 850-90, (b) NaOH 1.5 850-90 120
Fig. 4.16. SEM images of ZnCl₂-activated biochar (a) ZnCl₂ 1.0 800-90, (b) ZnCl₂ 1.0 850-90 120
Fig. 4.17. SEM images of ZnCl₂-activated biochar (a) ZnCl₂ 1.5 800-60, (b) ZnCl₂ 1.5 850-90 120
Fig. 4.18. Survey spectrum for elemental of (a) HTC biochar, (b) ABK, (c) ABN, (d) ABZ 125
Fig. 4.19. Deconvolution of C1s peak area into its functional groups for (a) HTC biochar, (b) ABK, (c) ABN, (d) ABZ 129
Fig. 4.20. Adsorbed amount-time profiles for adsorption toluene 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 450 ppm on ABK 132
Fig. 4.21. Adsorbed amount-time profiles for adsorption toluene 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 450 ppm on ABN 132
Fig. 4.22. Adsorbed amount-time profiles for adsorption toluene 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 450 ppm on ABZ 133
Fig. 4.23. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 200 ppm on ABK (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 137
Fig. 4.24. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 300 ppm on ABK (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 137
Fig. 4.25. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 450 ppm on ABK (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 138
Fig. 4.26. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 200 ppm on ABN (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 138
Fig. 4.27. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 300 ppm on ABN (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 139
Fig. 4.28. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 450 ppm on ABN (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 139
Fig. 4.29. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 200 ppm on ABZ (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 140
Fig. 4.30. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 300 ppm on ABZ (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 140
Fig. 4.31. Adsorption kinetic linear plot for toluene 450 ppm on ABZ (a) Pseudo-first-order kinetic, (b) Pseudo-... 141
Fig. 4.32. Linear plot of toluene for ABK (a) Langmuir isotherm, (b) Freundlich isotherm 144
Fig. 4.33. Linear plot of toluene for ABN (a) Langmuir isotherm, (b) Freundlich isotherm 144
Fig. 4.34. Linear plot of toluene for ABZ (a) Langmuir isotherm, (b) Freundlich isotherm 145
Fig. 4.35. Breakthrough curve of (a) ABK, (b) ABN, (c) ABZ with different inlet concentration toluene 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 450ppm 149
Fig. 4.36. Breakthrough curve of (a) ABK, (b) ABN, (c) ABZ with different flow rate 1.0 ℓ/min, 1.5 ℓ/min, 2.0 ℓ/min 150
Fig. 4.37. Breakthrough curve of (a) ABK, (b) ABN, (c) ABZ with different adsorbent amount 0.15 g, 0.20 g, 0.25 g 151