Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 12
1. INTRODUCTION 13
2. VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF PLANT EXTRACT AS PFAs 16
2.1. Garlic extract 16
2.2. Gallic acid 16
2.3. Quillaja saponin 17
2.4. Achyranthes japonica 18
2.5. Silymarin (Milk thistle) 19
2.6. Essential oils 20
2.7. Quercetin 21
3. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PFAs 22
4. APPLICATION OF PFAs IN NON-RUMINANT (BROILER AND PIG) NUTRITION 24
4.1. PFAs as growth promoter 24
4.2. PFAs as enhancer of digestibility 25
4.3. PFAs on the gut barrier integrity 27
4.4. PFAs on meat traits and egg quality 28
4.5. PFAs on the microorganisms in the intestines 29
5. ADVANTAGES OF INCORPORATING PFAs INTO THE DIET 31
6. PROSPECTIVES AND OBSTACLES ASSOCIATED WITH PFAs 32
6.1. Challenges of Utilizing PFAs in Animal Nutrition 32
6.2. Prospective of PFAs in Animal Nutrition 33
7. CONCLUSION 33
REFERENCES 34
CHAPTER 2. EFFICACY OF YEAST AND GARLIC EXTRACT MIXTURE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, TRACT DIGESTIBILITY, EXCRETA MICROBIOTA, GAS EMISSION, BLOOD PROFILE, AND MEAT QUALITY IN BROILER 62
Introduction 63
Material and Methods 65
Results 69
Discussion 71
Conclusion 75
References 76
CHAPTER 3. AN EVALUATION OF GALLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN-SOYBEAN-GLUTEN MEAL-BASED DIET IN BROILERS 92
INTRODUCTION 93
MATERIALS AND METHODS 95
RESULTS 98
DISCUSSION 99
CONCLUSION 103
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER 4. ASSESSMENT OF QUILLAJA SAPONIN AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN MAIZE-SOYBEAN-OILSEED RAPE MEAL-BASED DIET FOR ENHANCED GROWING PIG PERFORMANCE 115
Introduction 116
Material and methods 118
Results 120
Discussion 121
Conclusion 125
References 126
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 138
CHAPTER 2 136
Table 2-1. Ingredient composition of experimental diets as-fed basis 85
Table 2-2. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on growth performance in broilers 86
Table 2-3. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on nutrient digestibility in broilers 87
Table 2-4. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on microbial count in broilers 88
Table 2-5. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on gas emission in broilers 89
Table 2-6. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on blood profile in broilers 90
Table 2-7. The effect of yeast-garlic mixture supplementation on meat quality and organ weight in broilers 91
CHAPTER 3 136
Table 3-1. Composition of broiler diets (as fed-basis) 110
Table 3-2. The effect of gallic acid supplementation on growth performance of broilers 111
Table 3-3. The effect of gallic acid supplementation on nutrient digestibility of broilers 112
Table 3-4. The effect of gallic acid supplementation on excreta score, footpad lesion score, and tibia ash of broilers 113
Table 3-5. The effect of gallic acid supplementation on meat quality of broilers 114
CHAPTER 4 137
Table 4-1. Composition of experimental diets 131
Table 4-2. Effect of dietary Quillaja saponin on growth performance in growing pigs 132
Table 4-3. Effect of dietary Quillaja saponin on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs 133
Table 4-4. Effect of dietary Quillaja saponin on gas emissions in growing pigs 134
Table 4-5. Effect of dietary Quillaja saponin on faecal score in growing pigs 135
Fig 1. PFAs' intended targets for enhancing animal efficiency and gut health. 61