Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 12
1.1. Background and Necessity 12
1.2. Purpose 19
1.3. Hypothesis 19
2. Theoretical Background 20
2.1. Cervical spine 20
2.1.1. Upper cervical spine 21
2.1.2. Lower cervical spine 27
2.2. Deep neck flexor 32
2.3. Superficial neck flexor 35
2.4. Nonspecific Mechanical Neck Pain 37
2.5. Cranio-cervical Flexion Exercise 39
2.6. Functional Postural Exercise 40
3. Method 41
3.1. Study Subjects 41
3.2. Study Procedure 43
3.3. Design of the study 46
3.3.1. FPE (Functional Postural Exercise) 46
3.3.2. CCFE (Cranio-cervical Flexion Exercise) 48
3.3.3. Conventional Physiotherapy 50
3.4. Measurement Instruments 52
3.4.1. Range of motion (ROM) 52
3.4.2. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 54
3.4.3. Endurance 55
3.4.4. Neck Disability Index 56
3.5. Statistical analysis 58
4. Result 59
4.1. General Characteristics 59
4.2. Comparison of the Pain between FPE and CCFE 60
4.3. Comparison of the NDI between FPE and CCFE 62
4.4. Comparison of the Endurance between FPE and CCFE 64
4.5. Comparison of the ROM between FPE and CCFE 66
4.5.1. Comparison of the cervical flexion 66
4.5.2. Comparison of the cervical extension 68
4.5.3. Comparison of the cervical Rt. Side bending 70
4.5.4. Comparison of the cervical Lt. Side bending 72
4.5.5. Comparison of the cervical Rt. Rotation 74
4.5.6. Comparison of the cervical Lt. Rotation 76
5. Discussion 78
6. Conclusion 86
Ⅱ. List of references 88
Ⅲ. List of abbreviations 106
Ⅵ. Appendix 110
Table 1. General Characteristics 59
Table 2. Comparison of Pain in FPE and CCFE groups 60
Table 3. Comparison of the NDI between FPE and CCFE groups 62
Table 4. Comparison of the Endurance between RPE and CCFE groups 64
Table 5. Comparison of the cervical flexion between the FPE and CCFE groups 66
Table 6. Comparison of the cervical extension between the FPE and CCFE groups 68
Table 7. Comparison of the cervical Rt Side bending between the FPE and CCFE groups 70
Table 8. Comparison of the cervical Lt. Side bending between the FPE and CCFE groups 72
Table 9. Comparison of the cervical Rt. rotation between the FPE and CCFE groups 74
Table 10. Comparison of the cervical Lt rotation between the FPE and CCFE groups 76
Figure 1. Study flow chart 45
Figure 2. Functional Postural Exercise 47
Figure 3. Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise 49
Figure 4. Ultrasound (Enraf-Nonius, SONOPLUS 490u, Netherlands) 50
Figure 5. Interferential Current Therapy (StraTek, STI-500, Republic of Korea) 50
Figure 6. Electric Heating Pad (DAE SHIN CO, DS-3850, Republic of Korea) 51
Figure 7. Baseline 10-1025HR Absolute Axis 360 Degree Hu-Res Plastic Goniometer, USA(Lt)... 52
Figure 8. Flexion 53
Figure 9. Extension 53
Figure 10. Lateral Flexion 53
Figure 11. Rotation 53
Figure 12. Visual Analogue Scale 54
Figure 13. Stabilizer, Chattanooga, USA 55
Figure 14. The Korean version of Neck Disability Index 57
Figure 15. Comparison of the VAS scores between experimental and control groups 61
Figure 16. Comparison of the NDI scores between experimental and control groups 63
Figure 17. Comparison of the Endurance scores between experimental and control groups 65
Figure 18. Comparison of the Cervical flexion ROM between experimental and control groups 67
Figure 19. Comparison of the Cervical extension ROM between experimental and control groups 69
Figure 20. Comparison of the cervical Rt. side bending ROM between experimental and control groups 71
Figure 21. Comparison of the cervical Lt. side bending ROM between experimental and control groups 73
Figure 22. Comparison of the cervical Rt. Rotation ROM between experimental and control groups 75
Figure 23. Comparison of the cervical Lt. Rotation ROM between experimental and control groups 77