Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 16
Taxonomy of Korean Asteroids 18
Background 19
Chapter 1. Taxonomy of the genus Henricia from Korea, including two new species 24
1.1. Abstract 25
1.2. Introduction 27
1.3. Materials and Methods 30
1.3.1. Sample collection and preservation 30
1.3.2. Morphological identification and designation of Henricia species 30
1.3.3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and stereomicroscope photographs of the Henricia species 30
1.4. Results 31
1.4.1. Systematic accounts 31
1.4.2. *Henricia epiphysialis Ubagan, Lee, Kim, and Shin, 2020 (Figs. 1.2-1.4) 34
1.4.3. **Henricia sp. nov. (Fig. 1.6) 43
1.4.4. *Henricia anomala Hayashi, 1973 (Fig. 1.7) 48
1.4.5. *Henricia aspera Fisher, 1906 (Fig. 1.8) 51
1.4.6. **Henricia densispina (Sladen, 1879) (Fig. 1.9) 56
1.4.7. *Henricia djakonovi Chichvarkhin, 2017 (Fig. 1.10) 61
1.4.8. *Henricia elachys Clark and Jewett, 2010 (Fig. 1.11) 66
1.4.9. *Henricia hayashii Djakonov, 1961 (Fig. 1.12) 69
1.4.10. **Henricia irregularis Hayashi, 1940 (Fig. 1.13) 73
1.4.11. Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857) 77
1.4.12. Henricia nipponica Uchida, 1928 79
1.4.13. *Henricia oculata (Pennant, 1777) (Fig. 1.15) 80
1.4.14. Henricia ohshimai Hayashi, 1935 86
1.4.15. Henricia pachyderma Hayashi, 1940 87
1.4.16. *Henricia pacifica Hayashi, 1940 (Fig. 1.16) 89
1.4.17. *Henricia perforata (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Fig. 1.17) 92
1.4.18. Henricia regularis Hayashi, 1940 96
1.4.19. Henricia reniossa Hayashi, 1940 97
1.4.20. **Henricia reniossa asiatica Djakonov, 1958 (Fig. 1.18) 100
1.4.21. *Henricia sanguinolenta (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Fig. 1.19) 104
1.5. Distribution of Henricia species in Korean coastal waters and in the northwestern Pacific. 108
1.6. Discussion 114
Chapter 2. Recent records of the genera Aleutihenricia and Diplopteraster and previous and recent records of the genus Solaster from Korea 118
2.1. Abstract 119
2.2. Introduction 120
2.3. Materials and Methods 121
2.3.1. Sample collection and preservation 121
2.3.2. Morphological identification and designation of asteroid species 121
2.3.3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and stereomicroscope photographs of the asteroid species 121
2.4. Systematic accounts 122
2.4.1. *Aleutihenricia beringiana (Djakonov, 1950) (Fig. 2.1) 123
2.4.2. *Diplopteraster multipes (M. Sars, 1866) (Fig. 2.2) 127
2.4.3. Solaster dawsoni Verrill, 1880 133
2.4.4. Solaster endeca (Linnaeus, 1771) 134
2.4.5. *Solaster paxillatus Sladen, 1889 (Fig. 2.3-2.4) 136
2.4.6. Solaster uchidai Hayashi, 1939 142
2.5. Discussion 144
Chapter 3. Community structure of benthos on settlement plates in major harbors of Korea 146
3.1. Abstract 147
3.2. Introduction 148
3.3. Materials and Methods 151
3.3.1. Study area 151
3.3.2. Experimental set-up and processing 151
3.3.3. Taxonomic and coverage analysis 155
3.3.4. Examination of species diversity 155
3.3.5. Statistical analysis 156
3.4. Results 157
3.4.1. Environmental factors 157
3.4.2. Taxonomy, recruitment, and successional patterns of species 160
3.4.3. Species diversity 165
3.4.4. Characteristics of the benthic community 167
3.5. Discussion 172
CONCLUSIONS 178
REFERENCES 180
APPENDICES 15
Appendix 1. Supplementary data about the mean water temperature and salinity obtained every three months from each sampling site from July 2017 to July 2018. 202
Appendix 2. Supplementary data about the list of identified species of benthos and their taxonomic rank. 203
Appendix 3. Supplementary data about the multivariate data of benthos in the three coastal regions of Korea and the mean coverage percentage obtained in every three months monitoring period. 204
Appendix 4. Supplementary data about the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) in the three coastal regions of Korea. Mean, standard deviation (sd), and standard error (se). 205
Appendix 5. Supplementary data about the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) in different monitoring periods. Mean, standard deviation (sd), and standard error (se). 205
Table 1.1. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of Henricia epiphysialis with related Henricia species. 42
Table 1.2. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of Henricia sp. nov. with related Henricia species. 46
Table 1.3. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of H. aspera with related species, Henricia pachyderma. 54
Table 1.4. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of H. densispina with related Henricia species. 59
Table 1.5. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of H. djakonovi with related Henricia species. 64
Table 1.6. Comparison of morphological characteristics between H. oculata and related Henricia species in Korea. 84
Table 1.7. Distribution of Henricia species in Korean coastal waters. 108
Table 1.8. Zoogeographical distribution of Henricia species in the northwestern Pacific. 110
Table 2.1. Comparison of morphological characteristics of Solaster paxillatus used in this study and the holotype. 139
Table 2.2. Distribution of the species of genus Solaster in coastal waters of Korea. 141
Table 3.1. Geographical informations of fourteen sampling sites in three coastal regions of Korea. 153
Table 3.2. List of species identified and mean coverage percentage in the East Sea coast in every three months monitoring period. 161
Table 3.3. List of species identified and mean coverage percentage in the Korea Strait coast in every three months monitoring period. 162
Table 3.4. List of species identified and mean coverage percentage in the Yellow Sea coast in every three months monitoring period. 163
Table 3.5. The permuted p-value of PERMANOVA pairwise comparisons of the composition of benthic invertebrates between three regions (Yellow Sea, Korea Strait, East Sea) of Korea, p... 167
Table 3.6. The result of the assumption of homogeneity in the multivariate dispersion test for three coastal regions (East Sea, Korea Strait, and Yellow Sea), p〈0.05. 168
Table 3.7. Similarity percentage (SIMPER) pairwise comparison of groups and the main taxa contribution of the benthic invertebrates in the three coastal regions (East Sea, Korea Strait, Yellow Sea), cumulative summary (cumsum), p〈0.05. 170
Fig. 1.1. A map showing the collection sites of Henricia epiphysialis in the East Sea, Korea. 34
Fig. 1.2. External characteristics of Henricia epiphysialis Ubagan, Lee, Kim, and Shin, 2020. A. abactinal side, B. actinal side, C. abactinal spines, D. spines on lateral side of arm, E.... 37
Fig. 1.3. Denuded skeleton of Henricia epiphysialis Ubagan, Lee, Kim, and Shin, 2020. A. abactinal plates, B. madreporite (arrow), C. part of abactinal and lateral side of arm, D. plates... 38
Fig. 1.4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the spines of Henricia epiphysialis Ubagan, Lee, Kim, and Shin, 2020. A, B, C. abactinal spines, D. superomarginal spines, E.... 39
Fig. 1.5. A map showing the collection sites of Henricia sp. nov. in the East Sea, Korea. 43
Fig. 1.6. Henricia sp. nov. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C, abactinal spines; D. abactinal skeleton; E. madreporite; F. oral part; G, adambulacral spines; H. actinal skeleton:... 47
Fig. 1.7. Henricia anomala Hayashi, 1973. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H. papulae... 50
Fig. 1.8. Henricia aspera Fisher, 1906. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H. papulae... 55
Fig. 1.9. Henricia densispina (Sladen, 1879). A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H.... 60
Fig. 1.10. Henricia djakonovi Chichvarkhin, 2017. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H. papulae... 65
Fig. 1.11. Henricia elachys Clark and Jewett, 2010. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C, J. abactinal spines; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton;... 68
Fig. 1.12. Henricia hayashii Djakonov, 1961. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D. adambulacral spines, furrow spines (arrows); E. oral part; F. madreporite; G.... 72
Fig. 1.13. Henricia irregularis Hayashi, 1940. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side. Scale bars: A, B=5 cm 75
Fig. 1.14. Henricia irregularis Hayashi, 1940. A. abactinal paxillae; B, I. adambulacral spines; C. oral part; D. madreporite; E. abactinal skeleton; F. papulae (arrows); G. actinal skeleton:... 76
Fig. 1.15. Henricia oculata (Pennant, 1777). A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H.... 85
Fig. 1.16. Henricia pacifica Hayashi, 1940. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal spines; D. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H. actinal... 91
Fig. 1.17. Henricia perforata (O.F. Müller, 1776). A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H.... 95
Fig. 1.18. Henricia reniossa asiatica Djakonov, 1958. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal... 103
Fig. 1.19. Henricia sanguinolenta (O.F. Müller, 1776). A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D. actinal spines: inferomarginal spines (Is), ventrolateral spines (Vs),... 107
Fig. 2.1. Aleutihenricia beringiana (Djakonov, 1950). A, Abactinal side; B, Actinal side; C, Abactinal paxillae; D, Adambulacral spines; E, Oral part; F, Madreporite; G, Abactinal... 126
Fig. 2.2. Diplopteraster multipes (M. Sars, 1866). A. abactinal view; B. actinal view; C, D. supraabactinal membrane: abactinal spine (S), muscle band (MB), spiracles (SP); E.... 131
Fig. 2.3. Solaster paxillatus Sladen, 1889. A. abactinal side, B. actinal side, C. abactinal paxillae, D. madreporite, paxillae, E. oral spines, F. inferomarginal spines, G. ventro-... 140
Fig. 2.4. Solaster paxillatus Sladen, 1889. A. abactinal paxillae, B. abactinal spines, C. ventro-interbrachial spines, D. sub-oral oral spines. Scale bars: A, D=500 μm; B, C=200 μm. 141
Fig. 3.1. A map showing the study area. East Sea (red circles): Sokcho (SC), Donghae (DH), Jukbyeon (JB), Yangpo (YP), Ulsan (US); Korea Strait (green circles): Busan (BS),... 154
Fig. 3.2. Installation of plates and data processing. A. attachment plates; B. installation of attachment plates in the sampling site; C. monitoring of attachment plates; D, E. data... 154
Fig. 3.3. Average water temperature obtained every three months from each sampling site from July 2017 to July 2018. 159
Fig. 3.4. Average water salinity obtained every three months from each sampling site from July 2017 to July 2018. 159
Fig. 3.5. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) in the three coasts of Korea. All the results are shown as the mean and standard error (mean ± SE). 165
Fig. 3.6. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) in different monitoring periods (Jul2017, Oct2017, Jan2018, Apr2018). All the results are shown as the mean and standard error (mean... 165
Fig. 3.7. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on the mean coverage data of benthos showing the distribution of benthic invertebrate communities with different... 169
Fig. 3.8. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on the mean coverage data of benthos showing the distribution of species contributing to the benthic invertebrate... 169