Title Page
Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 16
ABSTRACT 17
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 19
1. Drug Abstinence - Self-efficacy 20
2. Quality of life of a substance use disorder 21
3. The Motivation to Change 22
4. The Challenges of Release, Relapse, Re-entry 22
A. Background of the Study 23
B. Statement of the Problem 24
C. Purpose of the Study 25
D. Conceptual Background 26
E. Conceptual Framework 27
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 28
STUDY FRAME WORK 29
F. Research Hypotheses 31
1. Quantitative study hypotheses 31
2. Qualitative study hypothesis 32
G. Definition of Terms 33
Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 35
A. Theoretical Literary Reviews 35
1. Scope of Substance Use Disorder 35
2. Drug abstinence self-efficacy as a predictor outcome 36
3. Quality of Life mediates self-efficacy 37
4. Descriptive Characteristics of Quality-of-Life Measures 38
5. Motivation to change mediates self-efficacy 39
B. Empirical Literature Reviews 39
C. Self-efficacy as a Predictor and/or Mediator of treatment outcome 41
D. The Rehabilitation Facilities in the Philippines 41
E. Short-term and long-term residential treatment facilities 42
F. Residential 42
1. In-Patient/Residential Centers 42
2. Out-Patient Centers 42
G. Detoxification 43
H. Treatment Modalities and Interventions 43
I. Clinical intervention counseling 45
J. Crime related to drugs and Plea bargaining 46
1. The Comprehensive Dangerous Act of 2002 47
2. The Plea - bargaining in drug cases 47
3. Number of reported cases involving illegal drugs in the Philippines in 2021 by region 48
Ⅲ. METHODOLOGY 49
A. Research Design 49
1. Quantitative study 49
2. Qualitative research interview: Semi-structured interviews 49
B. Participants and Setting 50
1. Timeline of collecting data from the participants in the TRCs 50
2. Data Collection Procedure 51
3. Ethical Consideration 51
C. Tools and Instrumentations 52
1. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) 52
2. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) summary score 52
3. Drug abstinence self-efficacy scale 53
4. Quality of Life 5 Dimension (EQ-3L) 53
5. Quality of Recovery Index (QRI) 54
6. University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA) 54
7. Time to Relapse Questionnaire (TRQ): A Measure of Sudden Relapse in Substance Dependence 54
8. Brief Family Relationship Scale 55
D. Qualitative Study 56
1. Thematic analysis. 56
2. Focus group. 56
3. Motivational Interviewing (MI). 56
4. Readiness to Change Ruler. 56
5. Self-efficacy: (working towards self-efficacy). 56
6. Health-Related Quality of Life: CDC HRQOL-14 57
7. Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale 57
8. Case study report 57
E. Quantitative Study Statistical Analysis 58
1. Time Trend Series. 58
2. Survival trends using a non-parametric analysis. 59
3. Multivariate logistic regression. 59
Ⅳ. RESULTS 60
A. Quantitative Analysis 60
B. Qualitative Results 105
2. Focus group interview in determinacy to self-efficacy 106
3. Focus group interviews: Identifying stages of change 107
Ⅴ. DISCUSSION 127
The qualitative study analysis 132
Thematic analysis 133
1. Participant's willingness to change 133
2. The confidence to change (ability) 133
3. Whether the change is an immediate priority (readiness) 134
Substance Use Disorder Treatment Protocol 135
The Aftercare and Follow-up Treatment 135
The Aftercare programs: Reintegration (multi-sectoral) levels in the government 136
Ⅵ. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS 138
Ⅶ. CONCLUSION 139
Study Application 141
The recommendation in this study 141
Ⅷ. REFERENCES 142
APPENDICES 153
Appendix A. Consent Form for Participation in a Treatment Rehabilitation Centers 153
Appendix B. Tools and Instruments 155
Appendix C. Requesting Documents 172
Appendix D. Pictures and other supporting documents 173
Table 1. Demographics 60
Table 2. Addiction severity of the primary drug use 62
Table 3. Other illicit drug use 63
Table 4. Drugs and Alcohol Expenditure in the past 30-day use 65
Table 5. Voluntary Abstinence 66
Table 6. Legal Status 66
Table 7. Drug abstinence self-efficacy scale Confidence to not use illegal drugs in each situation during the past week - Percentage and... 69
Table 8. Overall data and variables of self-efficacy, quality of life, motivation to change, and measurement of relapse from abstinence of drug use were modeled using a logistic regression model. 70
Table 9. EQ-5D-3L frequencies and proportions reported by dimension and level 71
Table 10. Quality of Life (QOL) 73
Table 11. Change Assessment Scale (URICA) 74
Table 12. Quality of Recovery Index 75
Table 13. Sudden Relapse 77
Table 14. Short - delay Relapse 78
Table 15. Long-Delay Relapse 79
Table 16. Brief Family Relationship Scale 81
Table 17. Multivariate table of self-efficacy, quality of life, and motivation to change in socioeconomic status and relapse measurement. 82
Table 18. Non-parametric survival model: Person time at risk in the urges of using drugs in a relapse-free environment. Log-rank... 86
Table 19. Survival Analysis: Probability of relapse-free survival (6 months enrollment in the rehabilitation facilities) 88
Table 20. Selected variables for VAR model - multivariate time series: predictive for an addiction relapse 92
Table 21. Cointegration Analysis 98
Table 22. VAR Model (comparison of lags 1 and 2) 100
Table 23. Granger causality Wald test - lags 1 & 2 103
Table 24. Interview participants Characteristics 105
Table 25. Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES) 113
Table 26. Life Event Chart - client's problem 116
Table 27. Stages of Change of the Client 119
Table 28. Case Formulation 121
Figure 1. Proposed Conceptual Framework of the Model 28
Figure 2. Study Framework 29
Figure 3. The Severity of Substance Use 64
Figure 4. Drug and Alcohol Expenditure 65
Figure 5. Incarceration 68
Figure 6. Pie graph distribution of crimes related to drug use 68
Figure 7. EQ Health State 72
Figure 8. Non-parametric analysis 87
Figure 9. VAR model-multivariate time series (Orthogonalized IRF) 97
Figure 10. Readiness to Change Ruler 111
Figure 11. Working towards self-efficacy (scaling questions) 112
Figure 12. Self-efficacy scale 121