Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 14
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 16
A. Necessity of Study 16
B. Purpose of Study and Research Question 22
C. Definition of Terms 26
1. The elderly people 26
2. Subjective well-being 26
3. Happiness 27
4. Perceived stress 27
5. Adaptive functions of music 28
Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 29
A. Quality of Life in Senescence 29
1. Characteristics of the Chinese Elderly People 29
2. Quality of Life of the Chinese Elderly People 31
3. Mental Health of the Elderly 34
4. Well-being of the Elderly 37
B. Stress, Coping, and Well-being 39
1. Concept of Perceived Stress 39
2. Concept of Coping with Stress 43
3. Concept of Subjective Well-being 45
4. Relationship between Stress and Mental Health 48
5. Relationship between Stress and Well-being 51
C. The Use of Music and Well-being 52
1. The Use of Music in China 52
2. The Use of Music and Mental Health 55
3. The Use of Music and Well-being 57
4. The Emotional Effect of Music 59
Ⅲ. METHODOLOGY 61
A. Participants 61
B. Procedures 61
C. Instruments 63
1. Use of Music Inventory 63
2. Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale 63
3. Perceived Stress Scale 64
4. Music Coping Scale (MCS) 65
5. Satisfaction with Life Scale 65
6. Emotion Frequency Test 66
7. Subjective Happiness Scale 66
D. Statistical Analysis 67
Ⅳ. RESULTS 68
A. Music-related Characteristics of Participants 68
B. Gender Differences and Differences According to Music-related Characteristics in Variables 70
C. The Relationship between Variables in This Study 86
D. Mediation Model of Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music for the Emotional Use of Music and Life Satisfaction 89
E. Mediation Model of Stress Regulation Effect of Music for the Music Use as a Coping and Life Satisfaction 91
F. Moderated Mediating Model for the Life Satisfaction of the Elderly 94
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 102
A. Major Findings and Discussion 102
B. Limitations of Study 106
C. Recommendation 107
REFERENCES 109
APPENDICES 122
A. Questionnaires in English 122
Appendix 1. The Use of Music Inventory 122
Appendix 2. Music Coping Scale 123
Appendix 3. The Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale 124
Appendix 4. Perceived Stress Scale 126
Appendix 5. The Satisfaction with Life Scale 127
Appendix 6. The Frequency of Emotions Test 128
Appendix 7. Subjective Happiness Scale 129
B. Questionnaires in Chinese 130
Appendix 8. The Use of Music Inventory (Chinese Version) 130
Appendix 9. Music Coping Scale (Chinese Version) 131
Appendix 10. The Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale (Chinese Version) 132
Appendix 11. Perceived Stress Scale (Chinese Version) 134
Appendix 12. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Chinese Version) 135
Appendix 13. The Frequency of Emotions Test (Chinese Version) 136
Appendix 14. Subjective Happiness Scale (Chinese Version) 137
Table 1. Music-related Characteristics of Elderly Participants (N=347) 69
Table 2. Gender Differences in the Variables of This Study 70
Table 3. Differences in the Variables According to Grown Up in a Family that Enjoys Music 72
Table 4. Differences in the Variables According to Enjoying Music Class in the Childhood 73
Table 5. Differences in the Variables According to Receiving Formal Music Education 74
Table 6. Differences in the Variables According to Any Musical Instrument They Can Play 75
Table 7. Differences in the Variables According to Listening to Music on Smartphone or Sound 77
Table 8. Differences in the Variables According to Currently Having Any Musical Instrument in Their Home 78
Table 9. Differences in The Variables According to Having Karaoke Equipment at Home 80
Table 10. Differences in the Variables According to Often Watching Music Show on TV 81
Table 11. Differences in the Variables According to Often Going to Concert to Enjoy Music Performances 82
Table 12. Differences in the Variables According to Often Singing when They Get Along with Their Friends 83
Table 13. Differences in the Variables According to Playing Musical Instrument with Their Family 84
Table 14. Differences in the Variables According to Having Their Children or Grandchildren Sing when Their Family Gets Together 86
Table 15. Correlational Matrix of Perceived Stress, Emotional Use of Music, The Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music, Music Use as a Coping, Stress Regulation Effect of Music, and Subjective Well-being of The Chinese Elderly (N=347). (N=347) 88
Table 16. Mediating Effect of Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music on the Emotional Use of Music and Life Satisfaction 90
Table 17. Examination of Indirect Effect of the Emotional Use of Music on and Life Satisfaction through Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music 91
Table 18. Mediating Effect of Stress Regulation Effect of Music on the Music Use as a Coping and Life Satisfaction 92
Table 19. Examination of Indirect Effect of Music Use as a Coping on Life Satisfaction through Stress Regulation Effect of Music 93
Table 20. Mediating Effect of Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music Moderated by Perceived Stress on the Emotional Use of Music and Life Satisfaction. 96
Table 21. Significant Area in Conditional Effects of the Focal Predictor at Values of the Moderator (Perceived Stress) 99
Table 22. Examination of Mediating Stress Regulation Effect of Music Moderated by Perceived Stress on the Music Use as a Coping and Life Satisfaction 101
Figure 1. Mediation Model I of the Study 24
Figure 2. Mediation Model II of the Study 24
Figure 3. Moderated Mediation Model I of the Study 25
Figure 4. Moderated Mediation Model II of the Study 25
Figure 5. Direct and Indirect Effects of Emotional Use of Use on Life Satisfaction (Note.... 90
Figure 6. Direct and Indirect Effects of Music Use as a Coping on Life Satisfaction (Note.... 93
Figure 7. Interaction Effect of Perceived Stress and Emotional Use of Music 97