Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 9
Chapter 1. Impact of Prenatal Intervention on Self-efficacy: A Literature Review 11
1. Introduction 11
2. Participants, Ethics and Methods 14
2.1. Search strategy 14
2.2. Selection process 16
3. Results 17
3.1. Review articles selection 17
3.2. Intervention method of prenatal education 26
4. Discussion 37
Chapter 2. Effects of Horticultural Therapy Program Based on Self-efficacy Theory on Reducing Negative Emotions in Pregnant Women and Enhancing Maternal-fetal Attachment 41
1. Introduction 41
2. Materials and Methods 45
2.1. Participants 45
2.2. Development of horticultural program for pregnant woman based on self-efficacy theory 46
2.3. Evaluation 53
2.4. Data Analysis 55
3. Results 56
3.1. Demographic characteristics 56
3.2. Self-efficacy 57
3.3. Negative emotions (Depression, Anxiety, Stress) 58
3.4. Fetal attachment 59
3.5. Correlation 60
3.6. Satisfaction 61
4. Discussion 62
5. Conclusions 67
Chapter 3. Comprehensive Discussion 68
References 71
Appendices 85
[Appendix 1] Demographic characteristics 85
[Appendix 2] Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale 87
[Appendix 3] Negative emotions (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21) 90
[Appendix 4] State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 92
[Appendix 5] Maternal Stress Scale 94
[Appendix 6] Self Efficacy Scale 96
[Appendix 7] Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale 98
[Appendix 8] Satisfaction 103
[Appendix 9] Horticultural therapy program plan1 107
[Appendix 10] Horticultural therapy program plan2 109
[Appendix 11] Horticultural therapy program plan3 111
[Appendix 12] Horticultural therapy program plan 4 113
[Appendix 13] Horticultural therapy program plan5 115
[Appendix 14] Horticultural therapy program plan 6 117
Abstract (in Korean) 119
Chapter 1 7
Table 1-1. The effect of self-efficacy on various prenatal interventions. 18
Table 1-2. Effect of face-to-face interventions. 30
Table 1-3. Effect of self-efficacy according to the theory application. 32
Table 1-4. Assessment methods used. 35
Chapter 2 7
Table 2-1. Six-session horticultural therapy program based on the self-efficacy theory for pregnant women. 47
Table 2-2. Comparison of self-efficacy in pregnant women before and after the horticultural therapy program based on the self-efficacy theory. 57
Table 2-3. Comparison of depression, anxiety, stress in pregnant women before and after the horticultural therapy program, based on self-efficacy theory. 58
Table 2-4. Comparison of fetal attachment in pregnant women before and after the horticultural therapy program based on the self-efficacy theory. 59
Table 2-5. Descriptive statistics and correlations for self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, stress, negative emotions, and attachment. 60
Chapter 1 8
Figure 1-1. Flow diagram of the literature review and selection process. 16
Chapter 2 8
Figure 2-1. Self-efficacy (4 factors) applied horticultural therapy program for 5 sessions. 51