표제지
목차
ABSTRACT 12
Ⅰ. 서론 15
1. 하이드로겔 (hydrogel) 15
2. 복합소재 (composites) 16
3. 탄소 기반 소재 (carbon-based materials) 16
4. 알지네이트 (alginate) 17
5. 카르복시메틸셀룰로오즈 (carboxymethyl cellulose) 18
6. 연구 목적 19
Ⅱ. 실험재료 및 방법 22
1. 실험재료 22
2. Pitch pine 기반 바이오차 제조 22
3. 바이오매스 기반 복합 비드의 제조 23
3.1. Alg/BC 복합 비드의 제조 23
3.2. Alg/AC/CMC 복합 비드의 제조 23
4. 바이오매스와 하이드로겔 비드의 물리·화학적 특성 분석 24
5. 바이오매스 기반 복합 비드의 흡착 특성 분석 25
5.1. Alg/BC 하이드로겔 복합 비드의 흡착 특성 분석 25
5.2. Alg/AC/CMC 하이드로겔 복합 비드의 흡착 특성 분석 28
Ⅲ. 실험 결과 30
1. Pitch pine 기반 바이오차의 특성 분석 30
1.1. 물리화학적 특성 분석 30
1.2. 흡착 특성 분석 35
2. Alg/BC 복합 비드의 특성 분석 37
2.1. 비드의 형태 및 특징 37
2.2. 비드의 흡착 특성 분석 40
2.3. 동시 흡착 57
2.4. 비드의 재사용 가능성 59
3. Alg/AC/CMC 복합 비드의 특성 분석 60
3.1. 비드의 형태 및 특징 60
3.2. 비드의 흡착 특성 분석 65
3.3. 비드의 재사용 가능성 87
Ⅳ. 결론 88
참고문헌 90
국문초록 106
Table 1. Yield and BET surface area of biochars produced at the different pyrolytic temperatures (350, 550, and 750 ℃) 32
Table 2. Physical properties of alginate (0% BC) and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (1%, 4%, and 10% BC) 38
Table 3. Equations and parameters of adsorption kinetic models 49
Table 4. Kinetic parameters of Cu²⁺ and benzene adsorption onto alginate (0% BC) and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (1%, and 4% BC) 50
Table 5. Equations and parameters of adsorption isotherm models 55
Table 6. Isotherm parameters of Cu²⁺ and benzene adsorption onto alginate (0% BC) and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (1%, and 4% BC) 56
Table 7. Textural properties of the activated carbon (AC) and the alginate (Alg)/AC/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite beads before and after ibuprofen adsorption 73
Table 8. Kinetic parameters of ibuprofen adsorption onto the alginate (Alg)/activated carbon (AC) and Alg/AC/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite beads 80
Table 9. Isotherm parameters of ibuprofen onto the alginate (Alg)/activated carbon (AC) and Alg/AC/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite beads 85
Figure 1. Preparation and physicochemical properties of Alg/BC composite beads 20
Figure 2. Preparation and physicochemical properties of Alg/AC/CMC composite beads 21
Figure 3. TGA curve of wood powder (Pinus rigida). 31
Figure 4. SEM images (a) and FTIR spectra (b) of biochars (BC350, BC550, and BC750) obtained at 350 ℃, 550 ℃, and 750 ℃. 34
Figure 5. Adsorption capacities of lignin-based biochars produced at different pyrolytic temperatures (350, 550, and 750 ℃) for Cu²⁺... 36
Figure 6. SEM images of alginate (0% BC) and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (1%, 4%, and 10% BC). 39
Figure 7. Tendency of adsorption capacities of alginate hydrogel bead (0% BC), alginate/biochar hydrogel beads, and biochar (1%, 4%, and 10%... 41
Figure 8. FTIR spectra of alginate and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (4% BC) before and after Cu²⁺ and benzene adsorption 43
Figure 9. Effect of initial solution pH on adsorption of Cu²⁺ (a) and benzene (b) onto alginate and alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (●: 4% alginate/0% biochar, ▲: 4% alginate/1% biochar, ■: 4%... 45
Figure 10. Kinetic studies of Cu²⁺ ((a), and (b)) and benzene ((c), and (d)) adsorption onto alginate and alginate/biochar hydrogel... 48
Figure 11. Diffusion kinetic studies of Cu²⁺ ((a), and (b)) and benzene ((c), and (d)) adsorption onto alginate and alginate/biochar... 52
Figure 12. Isotherm studies of Cu²⁺ ((a), and (b)) and benzene ((c), and (d)) adsorption onto alginate and alginate/biochar hydrogel... 54
Figure 13. Comparison of adsorption capacities in single contaminant (Cu²⁺ (black bar) or benzene (gray bar)) and contaminant mixture... 58
Figure 14. Adsorption capacities (black bar) and desorption efficiencies (gray bar) of alginate/biochar hydrogel beads (4%... 59
Figure 15. Photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the composite beads with various compositions of each component. 61
Figure 16. Photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose... 63
Figure 17. Swelling ratio of the dried alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose (4%/1%/1%) composite beads after... 64
Figure 18. Adsorption capacity for ibuprofen of activated carbon (AC), alginate beads (Alg), and composite hydrogel beads... 66
Figure 19. pHpzc of the alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose composite beads.[이미지참조] 67
Figure 20. FTIR spectra of various composite hydrogel beads. (a): alginate beads; (b): alginate/activated carbon beads; (c):... 69
Figure 21. Ibuprofen adsorption capacity of the alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose (4%/1%/1%) and alginate/activated... 71
Figure 22. Effect of the substitution degree of carboxymethyl cellulose (a) and activated carbon content (b) on the adsorption of... 75
Figure 23. Effect of pH on the swelling ratio (a) and ibuprofen adsorption capacity (b) of the alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose (4%/1%/1%) composite beads. Black and gray bars... 77
Figure 24. Adsorption kinetics (a) and pseudo - second - order modeling (b) of the alginate/activated carbon and alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose composite beads for ibuprofen at pH 4.2 and... 79
Figure 25. Diffusion kinetics studies (a: intraparticle diffusion model and b: liquid film diffusion model) of ibuprofen adsorption onto the alginate/activated carbon and alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl... 82
Figure 26. Adsorption isotherm modeling (a: Effect of initial ibuprofen concentration; b: Langmuir model; and c: Freundlich model) of the alginate/activated carbon and alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl... 84
Figure 27. Dimensionless separation factor (RL) acquired from the Langmuir model (●: alginate/activated carbon hydrogel beads; ○:...[이미지참조] 86
Figure 28. Adsorption (black bar) and desorption efficiencies (gray bar) of the alginate/activated carbon/carboxymethyl cellulose... 87