표제지
목차
ABSTRACT 19
제1장 서론 21
제1절 연구 배경 21
제2절 연구목적 27
제2장 이론적 고찰 28
제1절 굴뚝원격감시시스템(TMS, Tele Monitoring System) 28
1. TMS의 정의 및 구성 28
2. TMS 측정 및 분석 방법 31
제2절 굴뚝 대기오염 배출물질 40
1. 대기오염 배출가스 40
2. 친수성 오염물질 41
제3절 굴뚝 대기오염측정을 위한 전처리 방식 42
1. 대기오염 배출가스 전처리 42
2. 기존 전처리 장치 42
3. 전처리 장치의 한계점 49
4. 냉각사이클론 49
제3장 실험내용 및 방법 52
제1절 측정 방법 및 정도 관리 52
1. 입자상물질 측정 방법 52
2. 수분 측정 방법 56
3. 가스상 물질 측정 방법 57
4. 정도 관리(QA/QC) 58
제2절 냉각사이클론 전처리장치 설계 및 실험 59
1. 굴뚝배출가스 Lab-scale 모사 실험 59
2. 냉각사이클론 설계 및 기초실험 62
3. 굴뚝배출가스 모사를 이용한 냉각사이클론의 Lab-scale 성능 실험 66
제3절 친수성 오염물질 회수율 실험 68
1. 가스상 오염물질 회수율 실험 68
2. 암모니아 회수율 실험 69
제4절 생활폐기물 소각장의 현장 적용 71
제4장 결과 및 고찰 74
제1절 측정항목 정도관리 결과 74
1. 입자상물질 측정 정도관리 74
2. 수분 측정 정도관리 76
3. 가스상물질 측정 정도관리 76
제2절 냉각사이클론 전처리장치 설계 및 실험 결과 77
1. 굴뚝배출가스 Lab-scale 모사 실험 결과 77
2. 냉각사이클론 기초실험 결과 82
3. 냉각사이클론의 굴뚝배출 모사가스 실험 결과 93
제3절 냉각사이클론의 Lab-scale 암모니아 회수율 실험 결과 104
1. 가스상오염물질 회수율 실험 결과 104
2. 암모니아 회수율 실험 결과 106
제4절 생활폐기물 소각장 현장 적용 실험 결과 108
1. 냉각사이클론을 이용한 수분 및 먼지 제거율 실험 결과 108
2. 현장 적용 암모니아 회수율 실험 결과 111
제5장 결론 113
참고문헌 116
부록 127
[부록 1] 혼합챔버 수분발생 안정화 실험 결과(Figure A-1~5). 127
[부록 2] 볼텍스파인더 비율 및 냉각온도에 따른 입자상구분별 제거효율 측정결과(Table A-1~3). 130
[부록 3] 굴뚝배출가스 Lab-scale 모사실험 중 수분 제거실험 결과(Figure A-6~11). 131
[부록 4] 굴뚝배출가스 Lab-scale 모사실험 중 입자상물질 제거실험 결과(Figure A- 12~11). 134
국문초록 151
Table 1-1. Air pollutant emissions from TMS installed workplaces 23
Table 1-2. Comparison of air pollutant emissions from top 20 workplaces 24
Table 2-1. Classification of workplaces emitting air pollutants 30
Table 2-2. Characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of sample collection type (Cold-dry & How-wet) 34
Table 2-3. Characteristics of sample collection and chimney attachment type in TMS 36
Table 2-4. Two Types of Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems. 39
Table 3-1. Dimensions based on cyclone models and cone ratios 62
Table 3-2. Experimental conditions based on cyclone models and cone ratios 62
Table 3-3. Dimensions based on Vortex finder ratios 63
Table 3-4. Experimental conditions for vortex finder studies 63
Table 3-5. Experimental conditions for the performance test of a cold cyclone 65
Table 3-6. Exhaust gas temperature and humidity of industrial facilities 66
Table 3-7. Temperature, humidity, and particulate matter concentration of exhaust gas from incineration facilities 66
Table 3-8. Experimental conditions for Lab-scale performance test of a cold cyclone 67
Table 3-9. Emissions standards in Korea 68
Table 3-10. Experimental conditions for the recovery rate of gaseous pollutants 68
Table 3-11. Experimental conditions for the recovery rate of Ammonia 70
Table 3-12. Ammonia measurement results from test-bed waste incinerators 72
Table 3-13. Experimental conditions for ammonia measurement from test-bed waste incinerator 73
Table 4-1. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber 80
Table 4-2. Removal efficiency for particulate matter range according to three different vortex finder ratios 85
Table 4-3. Correlation coefficient by inlet temperature conditions 103
Table A-1. PM₁₀ removal efficiency and relative standard deviation according to vortex finder ratio and cooling temperature 130
Table A-2. PM₂.₅ removal efficiency and relative standard deviation according to vortex finder ratio and cooling temperature 130
Table A-3. PM₁.₀ removal efficiency and relative standard deviation according to vortex finder ratio and cooling temperature 130
Figure 2-1. The schematic diagram for TMS operation. 29
Figure 2-2. Types of Continuous Monitoring Methods. 31
Figure 2-3. A schematic diagram for the continuous measurements of air pollutants emitted from emission sources. 33
Figure 2-4. A schematic diagram of in-situ types. 35
Figure 2-5. HITRAN simulation of absorption spectra for major atmospheric species. 37
Figure 2-6. Impinger(laminar heat exchange) coupled with a peltier cooling system. 43
Figure 2-7. The structure and diagram of Nafion dryer. 44
Figure 2-8. Gas permeability of Nafion Membranes. 45
Figure 2-9. Composition and operating principle of KPASS. 46
Figure 2-10. Graph of freezing rates for two water samples to demonstrate the Mpemba effect. 48
Figure 2-11. KPASS principle and humidity removal process. 50
Figure 2-12. Cold cyclone principle and humidity and particulate matter removal process. 51
Figure 3-1. A schematic diagram for the collection of particulate matter sample from stack exhaust gas. 53
Figure 3-2. Schematic diagram with respect to light scattering measurement process. 54
Figure 3-3. Components used for particulate matter measurement (Clockwise from top left; Cascade Impactor, GRIMM1.109, Balance). 55
Figure 3-4. Moisture measurement device using hygroscopic tube method. 56
Figure 3-5. Testo 645 with sonsor 0420 1291. 57
Figure 3-6. System configuration for Lab-scale particulate matter generation. 60
Figure 3-7. The system configuration for Lab-scale Humidity generation. 61
Figure 3-8. Configuration of a Mixing chamber. 61
Figure 3-9. Cold cyclone design and Dimensions. 64
Figure 3-10. A schematic of cold cyclone modules. 65
Figure 3-11. An experiment for optimal condtions with respect to various cone cooling ratios. 65
Figure 3-12. A schematic diagram for the recovery rate measurements of gaseous pollutants. 69
Figure 3-13. A schematic diagram for the recovery rate measurements of Ammonia. 70
Figure 3-14. A schematic of a waste incinerator and air pollution control equipment. 71
Figure 3-15. Ammonia measurement process in test-bed waste incinerator. 72
Figure 4-1. Correlation of PM₂.₅ concentration measurements using gravimetric and light scattering methods in a mixing chamber. 75
Figure 4-2. Gravimetric sampling using a cascade impactor. 75
Figure 4-3. Sensor appearance and calibration certificate for humidity and temperature measurement. 76
Figure 4-4. Comparison of standard and generated particulate matters. 77
Figure 4-5. Experimental results inside the stabilization chamber. 78
Figure 4-6. Absolute humidity graph of moisture volume ratio according to temperature. 79
Figure 4-7. Results of absolute humidity stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber. 79
Figure 4-8. Stabilization results of PM₂.₅ in a mixing chamber. 81
Figure 4-9. Distribution of particulate matter inside the mixing chamber. 81
Figure 4-10. Removal efficiency for each particle size of 4 model cyclones. 82
Figure 4-11. Removal efficiency for PM size ranges of 4 model cyclones. 83
Figure 4-12. Removal efficiency for particle size ranges with regard to vortex finder ratio. 84
Figure 4-13. Particulate matter size ranges and removal efficiency for each vortex finder ratio. 84
Figure 4-14. Particulate matter removal efficiency with respect to vortex finder ratio and cooling temperature. 85
Figure 4-15. Particulate matter classification and removal efficiency according to vortex finder ratio and cooling temperature. 86
Figure 4-16. Cold cyclone vortex finder ratio and particle removal efficiency at 25 and -25 ℃ 87
Figure 4-17. Cooling speed with respect to cooling area. 88
Figure 4-18. Variations of cooling speed with different inlet temperatures. 89
Figure 4-19. Removal efficiency with respect to particle size according to the cooling part of the cold cyclone. 89
Figure 4-20. Removal efficiency by particle size range according to the cooling part of the cold cyclone. 90
Figure 4-21. Inlet clogging due to whole part of cold cyclone cooling. 91
Figure 4-22. Internal photos of the cold cyclone according to different cooling areas. 91
Figure 4-23. Temperature of the cooling cyclone by cooling ranges. 92
Figure 4-24. Removal efficiency of humidity according to the cooling part of the cold cyclone. 92
Figure 4-25. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature and the amount of absolute humidity. 94
Figure 4-26. Humidity removal of the efficiency of cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(80, 180℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90,... 95
Figure 4-27. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 80℃. 96
Figure 4-28. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 100℃. 97
Figure 4-29. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 120℃. 99
Figure 4-30. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 140℃. 100
Figure 4-31. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 160℃. 101
Figure 4-32. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet temperature 180℃. 102
Figure 4-33. Gaseous pollutant recovery rate for cooler and cold cyclone. 104
Figure 4-34. Results of gaseous pollutant recovery rate for cooler, Nafion dryer, and cold cyclone. 105
Figure 4-35. Ammonia calibration curves. 106
Figure 4-36. Continuous recovery rates of Ammonia (left: cold cyclone, right: cooler). 107
Figure 4-37. Standard gas recovery rates of Ammonia in the laboratory 107
Figure 4-38. Measurements of humidity removal efficiency and inlet and outlet temperature for the cold cyclone in the field. 108
Figure 4-39. Measurements of particle concentration at the outlet of cold cyclone and protective filter concentration in the field. 109
Figure 4-40. Measurements of particle concentrations at the outlet of cold cyclone by OPC in the field. 110
Figure 4-41. Ammonia recovery rate of a cold cyclone in a household waste incinerator. 111
Figure 4-42. Ammonia recovery rate of a cooler in a household waste incinerator. 112
Figure 4-43. Relative accuracy measurements of gaseous pollutants in the field. 112
Figure A-1. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber(Back ground). 127
Figure A-2. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber(20g-H₂O/m³). 127
Figure A-3. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber(90g-H₂O/m³). 128
Figure A-4. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber(150g-H₂O/m³). 128
Figure A-5. Results of moisture stabilization experiment in a mixing chamber (300g-H₂O/m³). 129
Figure A-6. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(80℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 131
Figure A-7. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(100℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 132
Figure A-8. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(120℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 132
Figure A-9. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(140℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 132
Figure A-10. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(160℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 133
Figure A-11. Humidity removal efficiency of the cold cyclone depending on inlet temperature(180℃) and the amount of absolute humidity(20, 90, 150, 300g/m³). 133
Figure A-12. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 134
Figure A-13. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 134
Figure A-14. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 135
Figure A-15. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 135
Figure A-16. Removal efficiency of particulate matter with respect to particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 136
Figure A-17. Removal efficiency of particulate matter for particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 136
Figure A-18. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 137
Figure A-19. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 137
Figure A-20. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 138
Figure A-21. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 138
Figure A-22. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 138
Figure A-23. Removal efficiency of particulate matter with respect to particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 139
Figure A-24. Removal efficiency of particulate matter for particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 139
Figure A-25. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 140
Figure A-26. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 140
Figure A-27. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 141
Figure A-28. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 141
Figure A-29. Particulate matter removal efficiency for particle size and category with regard to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at the inlet... 141
Figure A-30. Removal efficiency of particulate matter with respect to particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 142
Figure A-31. Removal efficiency of particulate matter for particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 142
Figure A-32. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 143
Figure A-33. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 143
Figure A-34. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 143
Figure A-35. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 144
Figure A-36. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 144
Figure A-37. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 145
Figure A-38. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle classification depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 145
Figure A-39. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 146
Figure A-40. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 146
Figure A-41. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 146
Figure A-42. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 147
Figure A-43. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 147
Figure A-44. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 147
Figure A-45. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle classification depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 148
Figure A-46. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 148
Figure A-47. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 149
Figure A-48. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 149
Figure A-49. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 149
Figure A-50. Particulate matter removal efficiency test results by particle size and category according to inlet humidity and cooling temperature at... 150
Figure A-51. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle size depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 150
Figure A-52. Removal efficiency of particulate matter by particle classification depending on inlet humidity content in cold cyclones under... 150