Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 10
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 12
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
1. Cell Culture 21
2. Drug Treatment 21
3. Immunofluorescence Microscopy 22
4. Western Blot Analysis 22
5. Statistical Analysis 22
Ⅲ. RESULTS 24
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 55
Ⅴ. REFERENCES 57
ABSTRACT 63
Figure 1. A structure of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3. 16
Figure 2. Sources of Benzo[a]pyrene and ways of entering the human body. 17
Figure 3. Diagram of the cell cycle. 18
Figure 4. Mitotic catastrophe by multipolar spindle 19
Figure 5. Chromosome Instability 20
Figure 6. B[a]P induces multipolar spindle. 27
Figure 7. Rg3 rescued B[a]P-induced multipolar spindle. 29
Figure 8. Origin of centrosome defects 30
Figure 9. Rg3 rescued B[a]P-induced premature centriole disengagement. 31
Figure 10. Rg3 recovered the level of Aurora A in B[a]P-treatedcells. 33
Figure 11. Rg3 recovered the level of CEP192 in B[a]P-treated cells. 35
Figure 12. Rg3 recovered the level of Plk1 in B[a]P-treated cells. 37
Figure 13. Rg3 inhibited DNA damage response in B[a]P-treated cells. 38
Figure 14. Rg3 did not rescued the level of γH2AX in B[a]P-treated cells. 40
Figure 15. The PLK4-STIL-SAS-6 centriole duplication module. 41
Figure 16. Rg3 inhibited centriole overduplication in B[a]P-treated cells. 42
Figure 17. Rg3 did not interfere transcription of Plk4, STIL. and SAS6 in B[a]P-treated cells. 44
Figure 18. Rg3 rescued low dose etoposide-induced multipolar spindle. 46
Figure 19. Rg3 rescued the level of Aurora A in 0.2 μM etoposide-treated cells. 48
Figure 20. Rg3 rescued the level of Cep192 in 0.2 μM etoposide-treated cells. 50
Figure 21. Rg3 rescued the level of Plk1 in 0.2 μM etoposide-treated cells. 52
Figure 22. Rg3 rescued B[a]P-induced multipolar spindle in normal cells. 54