Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 14
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 17
Ⅱ. LITERATURE REVIEW 19
1. Goat meat 19
1.1. Status and prospects of the dairy goat business 19
1.2. Nutritional value 20
2. Postmenopausal syndrome 21
2.1. Definition 21
2.2. Occurrence 22
3. Gut microbiota 23
3.1. Definition and role 23
3.2. Relationship between gut microbiota and menopause 24
3.3. Current gut microbiota analysis 25
Ⅲ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 28
1. Analysis for effect of goat meat in ovariectomized rat model 28
1.1. Use of animals and experimental design 28
1.2. Measurement of body weight and organ weight 32
1.3. Measurement of tail skin temperature 32
1.4. Serum biochemistry analysis 32
1.5. Micro-CT analysis 33
2. Gut microbiota analysis 34
2.1. DNA extraction and quantification 34
2.2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing 34
2.3. Taxonomic abundance and correlation analysis of gut microbiota 36
3. Statistical analysis 37
Ⅳ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
1. Effect of goat meat in ovariectomized rat model 39
1.1. Change in body weight 39
1.2. Ratio of organ weight to body weight 40
1.3. Tail skin temperature 44
1.4. Biochemical parameters in rat serum 47
1.5. Micro-CT analysis of femur bone 49
2. Changes of gut microbiota composition 56
2.1. Diversity of gut microbiota 56
2.2. Richness of gut microbiota 58
2.3. Linear relationship between postmenopausal syndrome-related biomarkers and gut microbiota 93
Ⅴ. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 103
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 107
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 121
Table 1. Experimental groups of this study 31
Table 2. Results of LEfSe analysis for the Sham group by taxonomy level 67
Table 3. Results of LEfSe analysis for the OVX+N group by taxonomy level 71
Table 4. Results of LEfSe analysis for the OVX+G group by taxonomy level 76
Table 5. Results of LEfSe analysis for the Sham, OVX+N, and OVX+G groups at week 9 by taxonomy level 79
Figure 1. Scheme of the animal experiment of this study. 30
Figure 2. Body weight changes of experimental animals. 41
Figure 3. Body weight gain (%) of experimental animals. 42
Figure 4. The images of the uterus of rats in different groups. 43
Figure 5. Ratio of the organ weight to body weight. 45
Figure 6. Changes in tail skin temperature. 46
Figure 7. Lipid profile levels in rat serum. 50
Figure 8. Castelli risk index-1 (CRI-1) in rat serum. 51
Figure 9. The levels of the bone metabolism-related biomarkers in rat serum. 52
Figure 10. The 3D images of the distal femoral metaphyseal region of trabecular bone microstructure. 54
Figure 11. Distal femur bone microarchitectural alterations evaluated by micro-CT. 55
Figure 12. Alpha diversity of gut microbiota before and after dietary changes. 57
Figure 13. PCoA analysis of gut microbiota before and after dietary changes. 60
Figure 14. Comparative depiction of representative microbial phyla in different groups before and after dietary changes. 61
Figure 15. Comparative depiction of representative microbial classes in different groups before and after dietary changes. 62
Figure 16. Comparative depiction of representative microbial orders in different groups before and after dietary changes. 63
Figure 17. Comparative depiction of representative microbial families in different groups before and after dietary changes. 64
Figure 18. Bacterial LEfSe analysis of the Sham group before (week 0) and after (week 9) the diet. 66
Figure 19. Bacterial LEfSe analysis of the OVX+N group before (week 0) and after (week 9) the diet. 70
Figure 20. Bacterial LEfSe analysis of the OVX+G group before (week 0) and after (week 9) the diet. 75
Figure 21. Bacterial LEfSe analysis of the Sham, OVX+N, OVX+G groups after the diet. 78
Figure 22. Taxonomic distributions of the microbial communities at the class and order levels. 82
Figure 23. Taxonomic distributions of the microbial communities at the family level. 87
Figure 24. Taxonomic distributions of the microbial communities at the genus level. 88
Figure 25. Taxonomic distributions of the microbial communities at the species level. 90
Figure 26. Linear relationship between gut microbiota from phylum to order and postmenopausal syndrome biomarkers. 100
Figure 27. Linear relationship between gut microbiota from family to genus and postmenopausal syndrome biomarkers. 101
Figure 28. Linear relationship between gut microbiota at species level and postmenopausal syndrome biomarkers. 102