Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 11
Ⅰ. Introduction 13
1. Carbon Nanomaterials 13
2. Carbon Dots: Synthesis and Structural Characteristics 14
3. Strategic Engineering Approaches for Carbon Dots 15
Ⅱ. Waste toner-derived carbon dots for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy 17
1. Introduction 17
2. Experimental Details 19
3. Results and Discussion 23
4. Conclusion 46
Ⅲ. Green-fluorescent pyridinic-nitrogen-doped carbon dots synthesized via air-carbonization of 6-aminoquinoline: optical design principles and light-emitting diodes application 47
1. Introduction 47
2. Experimental Details 49
3. Results 51
4. Discussion 77
5. Conclusion 84
Ⅳ. Conclusion 86
Ⅴ. Bibliography 87
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 106
Curriculum Vitae 110
Table Ⅰ-1. XRD analysis results of pristine TPs and wt-CDs obtained after the convolution of 002 and 101 peaks. 30
Table Ⅰ-2. Elemental analysis data of the CNDs. 34
Table Ⅰ-3. Photophysical properties and PL lifetimes of wt-CDs. 40
Table Ⅱ-1. D/G ratios of PN-CDs as a function of the synthesis temperature. 57
Table Ⅱ-2. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atomic percentage of PN-CDs as a function of the synthesis temperature. 64
Table Ⅱ-3. Single-exponential decay fits (solid lines) to TRPL spectra of PN-CDs at a probe (PR) wavelength of 520 nm under excitation (EX)... 72
Figure Ⅰ-1. (a) Schematic chemical structure of TPs and (b) the synthesis of wt-CDs. 27
Figure Ⅰ-2. SEM images of (a) pristine and (b) ethanol-treated TPs. (c) TEM image of wt-CDs. Raman spectra of (d) pristine TPs, (e)... 28
Figure Ⅰ-3. Particle size distributions of (a) pristine TPs, (b) ethanol-treated TPs, and (c) wt-CDs determined by DLS. 29
Figure Ⅰ-4. High-resolution TEM images of wt-CDs. 30
Figure Ⅰ-5. High-resolution (a, b, c) C 1s and (d, e, f) N 1s spectra of (a, d) pristine TPs, (b, e) ethanol-treated TPs, and (c, f) wt-CDs. (g) FT-IR... 33
Figure Ⅰ-6. Survey X-ray photoelectron spectra of (a) pristine TPs, (b) ethanol-treated TPs, and (c) wt-CDs. 34
Figure Ⅰ-7. (a) UV-vis absorption (yellow) and PLE spectra (blue, λem=450 nm) of wt-CDs. (b) PL contour map of wt-CDs. (c) PL spectra of...[이미지참조] 38
Figure Ⅰ-8. (a) UV-vis absorbance (yellow) and PLE (blue, λem=450 nm) spectra and (b) PL contour map of pristine TPs.[이미지참조] 39
Figure Ⅰ-9. (a) UV-vis absorbance (yellow) and PLE (blue, λem=450 nm) spectra and (b) PL contour map of ethanol-treated TPs.[이미지참조] 40
Figure Ⅰ-10. (a) Cytotoxicity of wt-CDs to A549 (yellow) and PC3 (blue) cells (n=5). (b) Confocal microscopy images of PC3 cells (b) before and... 43
Figure Ⅰ-11. (a) PL spectra of wt-CDs (0.5 mg·mL⁻¹) after exposure to UV radiation (254 nm) in the presence of SOSG for 0-2 h. (b) PDT test... 44
Figure Ⅰ-12. The PL spectra of (a, b, d) pure water and (c, e) wt-CDs (0.5 mg·mL⁻¹) under UV radiation (254 nm) with (a) SOSG, (b, c) DHR123,... 45
Figure Ⅱ-1. Schematic representation of the PN-CD synthesis pathway from 6-AQ through benzenoid ring destruction and nucleophilic carboxylation. 53
Figure Ⅱ-2. (a) TEM image of PN-CDs (scale bar: 100 nm). (b) Photos of PN-CDs in toluene (1 mg·mL⁻¹) under daylight (left) and UV (365 nm)... 56
Figure Ⅱ-3. Raman spectra of (a) PN-CD-100, (b) PN-CD-150, (c) PN-CD-200, and (d) PN-CD-300. 57
Figure Ⅱ-4. XRD patterns of (a) PN-CD-100, (b) PN-CD-150, (c) PN-CD-200, and (d) PN-CD-300. 58
Figure Ⅱ-5. FT-IR spectra of 6-AQ (red), PN-CD-100 (orange), PN-CD-150 (green), PN-CD-200 (blue), and PN-CD-300 (purple). 59
Figure Ⅱ-6. (a) ¹H NMR spectra of 6-AQ and PN-CDs. (b, c, d) High-resolution XPS (b) carbon 1s, (c) nitrogen 1s, and (d) oxygen 1s... 61
Figure Ⅱ-7. Comparative NMR spectra of 6-AQ (red), PN-CD-100 (orange), PN-CD-150 (green), PN-CD-200 (blue), and PN-CD-300 (purple)... 62
Figure Ⅱ-8. XPS spectra of PN-CDs as a function of the synthesis temperature. (a, b, c) carbon 1s (a), nitrogen 1s (b), and oxygen 1s (c) of... 63
Figure Ⅱ-9. (a) UV-visible absorption spectra of 6-AQ and PN-CDs and FL excitation spectrum (emission wavelength=520 nm) of PN-CDs. (b)... 68
Figure Ⅱ-10. UV-visible absorption spectra of 6-AQ (red), PN-CD-100 (orange), PN-CD-150 (green), PN-CD-200 (blue), and PN-CD-300 (purple). 69
Figure Ⅱ-11. FL contour maps of (a) PN-CD-100, (b) PN-CD-150, (c) PN-CD-200, (d) PN-CD-300, and (e) 6-AQ. In this figure, EX and EM... 70
Figure Ⅱ-12. FL spectra of (a) PN-CD-100, (b) PN-CD-150, (c) PN-CD-200, and (d) PN-CD-300. In this figure, EX and EM designate... 71
Figure Ⅱ-13. Single-exponential decay fits (solid lines) to TRPL spectra of PN-CDs at a probe (PR) wavelength of 520 nm under excitation (EX)... 72
Figure Ⅱ-14. Molecular orbital energy levels and band structures of pyranthrene variants containing (a) one, (b) two, and (c) three pyridine... 73
Figure Ⅱ-15. (a) Schematic representation of PN-CD-based LED architecture. (b) Luminance-versus-voltage (black) and current... 75
Figure Ⅱ-16. Photo of the PN-CD-based LED (operation voltage: 4.6 V). 76
Figure Ⅱ-17. TEM images of (a) PN-CD-100, (b) PN-CD-150, (c) PN-CD-200, and (d) PN-CD-300 (scale bar: 100 nm). Note that... 78
Figure Ⅱ-18. FL contour maps of AQ-isomer-derived CDs: (a) 2-AQ, (b) 3-AQ, (c) 4-AQ, (d) 5-AQ, (e) 7-AQ, and (f) 8-AQ. In this figure, EX... 83