Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive diagnostic method that utilizes the detection and analysis of biomarkers in bodily fl uids for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs), which are remarkably stable because of the protection by extracellular vesicles (EVs), in liquid biopsy have gained considerable attention as they can regulate gene expression and serve as crucial biomarkers for the presence and progression of diff erent types of cancer. Especially, urinary exosomal miRNAs have shown promising results as biomarkers for cancer from the urogenital system, such as blad- der, renal tubular, and prostate. However, there are still signifi cant challenges hindering the clinical utilization of urinary exosomal miRNA biomarkers, including improper sample handling, and data bias. Therefore, the detection procedure of urinary exosomal miRNAs needs to be standardized and thoroughly reviewed to ensure accurate and reliable clinical results.
In this review, we have explored various detection procedures for urinary exosomal miRNAs, which have great potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prognostics.