[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
List of Table
List of Figure
목차
제1장 서론 25
제2장 모델의 개요 28
제1절 산성비 모델의 얼개 28
제2절 모델의 기본 방정식 및 수치적인 방법 30
제3절 가스상 및 액상 화학 메카니즘 31
제4절 모델 입력 자료 및 출력 자료 32
참고 문헌 41
제3장 기상 자료의 추출 42
제1절 사례의 기상 상태 43
1-1. 자료 43
1-2. 지상 일기도 및 500mb 일기도 43
1-3. 지상 관측 자료 47
제2절 미세 기상 자료 추출 56
2-1. 중규모 모델 시스템 56
2-2. 성금격자 실험 57
2-3. 상세격자 실험 69
제3절 요약 및 결론 84
참고문헌 90
제4장 모델 입력 자료의 작성 92
제1절 수직방향 바람 속도 93
제2절 격자별 대기오염물질 배출속도 99
제3절 경계 조건 113
제4절 초기조건 117
제5절 건조침착속도 (dry deposition velocity) 122
참고문헌 130
제5장 결과 132
제1절 격자 체계 및 대기오염 물질 배출량 132
제2절 전산 모사 결과의 분석 143
제3절 모사 결과의 검증 145
제6장 공학적 산성비 모델 150
제1절 기체상 광화학 반응 152
제2절 액체상 화학반응 165
제3절 공학적 산성비 모델과 STEM II의 비교 166
3-1. 액상반응이 없는 경우 168
3-2. 액상반응이 있는 경우 176
참고문헌 178
제7장 결론 및 결언 180
[title page etc.]
Contents
1. Introduction 25
2. Acid Deposition Model 28
2-1. Outline of a Model 28
2-2. Governing Equations and Numerical Methods 30
2-3. Gas and Aqueous(Aqeuous) Phase Chemistry 31
2-4. Inputs and Outputs 32
References 41
3. Production of Meteorological Data 42
3-1. Synoptic Overview 43
3-1-1. Data 43
3-1-2. Surface and 500 mb analysis charts 43
3-1-3. Surface Observations 47
3-2. Production of Fine-mesh Meteorological Data 56
3-2-1. Mesoscale model system 56
3-2-2. Coarse-mesh experiment 57
3-2-3. Fine-mesh experiment 69
3-3. Summary and Conclusion 84
References 90
4. Construction of input data set for an acid rain model 92
4-1. Vertical wind speed 93
4-2. Gridded air pollutants emission rate 99
4-3. Boundary condition 113
4-4. Initial Condition 117
4-5. Dry deposition velocities 122
References 130
5. Results 132
5-1. Grid system and emission rates 132
5-2. Analysis of computer simulation 143
5-3. Verification of computer simulation 145
6. Engineering acid rain model 150
6-1. Gas phase photochemical reaction 152
6-2. Liquid phase chemical reaction 165
6-3. Comparison between engineering acid rain model and STEM II 166
References 178
7. Conclusions 180
Table 2-1. Gas phase reaction mechanism 33
Table 2-2. Aqeous phase reaction mechanism and equilibrium relationships 38
Table 3-1. Nocturnal and free-convection regime. 72
Table 4-1. Emission data from Korea Environmental Yearbook 103
Table 4-2. Emission data from National Institute of Environmental Research 104
Table 4-3. Emission data from the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy in 1987 105
Table 4-4. Emission data from the Japan Central Research Institute of Electric Industry (Unit : 1000 ton/yr) 106
Table 4-5. Air pollutant emission factor by fuels 108
Table 4-6. Emission Data from Chines Yearbook in 1989. 109
Table 4-7. The composition of RHC emission. 110
Table 4-8. The value of HT for various(varuous) chemical species. 120
Table 4-9/Table 2-9. Surface roughness and SO₂ surface resistances (s/m) 125
Table 6-1. The effect of organics on oxidants (Fishman, 1982) 155
Table 6-2. Day time gas phase chemistry included in the Engineering Model 159
Table 6-3. Night time gas phase chemistry in the Engineering Model 163
Table 6-4. Comparison of CPU time of STEM-ENG with other versions of STEM 167
Figure 1-1. Model domain showing the grid structure and major industrial cities in the eastern China and Korea 27
Figure 2-1. Schematic of the Coupling of MM4 and STEM II Model 29
Figure 3-1. Surface analysis charts at (a) 0000 UTC 28, (b) 1200 UTC 28, (c) 0000 UTC 29 and (d) 1200 UTC 29 November 1989. 44
Figure 3-2. 500mb Charts at (a) 1200 UTC 28 and (b) 1200 UTC 29 November 1989. 46
Figure 3-3. Observed surface wind fields at (a) 0000 UTC 28, (b) 0600 UTC 28, (c) 1200 UTC 28, (d) 1800 UTC 28, (e) 0000 UTC 29, (f) 0600 UTC 29 and (g) 1200 UTC 29 November 1989. 48
Figure 3-4. As in Figure 3-3 except for the surface temperature 50
Figure 3-5. Time series of 3 hourly observed surface temperature(---T)(이미지참조), wind speed(-----UV(이미지참조)) and wind direction(* DIR) at (a) Seoul, (b) Kangnung and (c) Kwangju from 0000 UTC 28 to 1200 UTC 29 November 1989. 52
Figure 3-6. Skew T-log P plot of diagrams at (a) 0000 UTC 28, (b) 1800 UTC 28 and (c) 0000 UTC 29 November 1989 at Osan. 54
Figure 3-7. As in Figure 3-6 except for Kwangju and 1200 UTC 28 instead of 1800 UTC 28. 55
Figure 3-8. Analyzed sea-level pressure(mb) fields at (a) 1200 UTC 28, (b) 0000 UTC 29 and (c) 1200 UTC 29 November 1989, and corresponding coarse-mesh model forecasts, (d), (e) and (f), respectively. 59
Figure 3-9. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 850mb streamline. 60
Figure 3-10. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 700mb wind vector and isotach(m/s). 63
Figure 3-11. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 700mb relative humidity(%). 64
Figure 3-12. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 700mb p-velocity(4*e-3mb/s intervals). 65
Figure 3-13. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 500mb geopotential height(soild lines of 60m intervals) and temperature(dashed lines of 3C intervals). 67
Figure 3-14. Same as in Figure 3-8 except for 300mb wind vector and isotach(m/s). The thick solid line AA' represents the position of the cross section analyses for the coarse mesh 68
Figure 3-15. Vertical cross section for the analyzed wind speed(solid lines of tom/s intervals) and equivalent potential temperature(dashed lines of 5K intervals) at) (a) 0000 UTC 28,... 71
Figure 3-16. Forecast surface temperature fields for the fine-mesh model at (a) 0600 UTC 28, (b) 1200 UTC 28, (c) 1800 UTC 28, (d) 0000 UTC 29, (e) 0600 UTC 29 and (f) 1200 UTC 29 November 1989. 73
Figure 3-17. As in Figure 3-16 except for surface wind vector and isotach(m/s) 74
Figure 3-18. As in Figure 3-16 except for 850mb streamline 75
Figure 3-19. As in Figure 3-16 except for 700mb p-velocity(10*e-3mb/s intervals) 76
Figure 3-20. Vertical cross section of equivalent potential temperature(solid lines of 4K intervals) and mixing(mxing) ratio(dashed lines of 0.5g/kg intervals) for the fine-mesh model at (a) 0600 UTC 28,... 79
Figure 3-21. Observed vertical soundings of (a) wind speed(---,m/s) and equivalent potential temperature(---, K), and (c) temperature(---, C) and mixing ratio(---, g/kg) at 1800 UTC 28 and (e) and (g) at 0000 UTC 29 November 1989 at Osan, and corresponding... 80
Figure 3-22. Time section of 3 hourly forecasted sensible heat flux(HFX, W/m²) and latent heat flux(QFX, W/m²) for the fine-mesh mode1 82
Figure 3-23. Regime index(left pannels) and PBL height(m, right pannels) (a) and (i) at 0300 UTC 28, (b) and (j) at 0600 UTC 28, (c) and (k) at 0900 UTC 28, (d) and (1) at 1200 UTC 28, (e) and (m) at 0000 UTC 29, (f) and (n) at 0300 UTC 29, (g) and (o) at 0600 UTC 29,... 85
Figure 3-24. Distributions of (a) topography(---,m) and PBL height(---,m), and (b) friction velocity(--- UST, m/s), sensible heat flux(--- HFX, W/m²) and latent heat flux(--- QFX, W/m²) for fine-mesh model at 0300 UTC 28, and (c) and (d) at 1200 UTC 28 November 1989 88
Figure 4-1. Modeling domain for boundary condition 93
Figure 4-2. The horizontal wind field at the surface calculated from the MM4 and the results of trajectory analysis 94
Figure 4-3. The two dimensional wind fields across the east-west direction near Kimje in Chunbuk 97
Figure 4-4. The gridded SO₂ emission 111
Figure 4-5. The gridded NO₂ emission 111
Figure 4-6. The gridded RHC emission 112
Figure 4-7. The major chemical species concentration profiles outside of the model domain. 115
Figure 4-8. The air pollutant automatic measuring sites in the Korea 120
Figure 4-9. The initial concentration contours of SO₂ and NO₂ on the surface in ppb 121
Figure 4-10. Land use map 126
Figure 4-11. The dry deposition velocities of various species 1) SO₂ a. 12 P.M b. 12. A.M 2) sulfate a. 12. P.M b. 12. A.M 3) HNO₃ a. 12 P.M b. 12. A.M 127
Figure 5-1. SO₂ emissions in the larger modeling domain (unit ; molecules /sec-cm²) 134
Figure 5-2. NOx emissions in the larger modeling domain (unit ; molecules /sec-cm²) 134
Figure 5-3. SO₂ concentration at western boundary (unit: ppb) (a) at 1800 UTC 25 November 1989 (b) at 1200 UTC 26 November 1989 (c) at 0600 UTC 27 November 1989 (d) at 0000 UTC 28 November 1989 135
Figure 5-4. Predicted SO₂concentration (unit: ppb) (a) at 1800 UTC 25 November 1989 (b) at 1200 UTC 26 November 1989 (c) at 0600 UTC 27 November 1989 (d) at 0000 UTC 28 November 1989 (e) at 1800 UTC 28 November 1989 (f) at 1200 UTC 29 November 1989 137
Figure 5-5. Predicted sulfate concentration (unit: ppb) (a) at 1800 UTC 25 November 1989 (b) at 1200 UTC 26 November 1989 (c) at 0600 UTC 27 November 1989 (d) at 0000 UTC 28 November 1989 (e) at 1800 UTC 28 November 1989 (f) at 1200 UTC 29 November 1989 140
Figure 5-6. Predicted sulfate concentration (unit: ppb) (a) at 1800 UTC 25 November 1989 (b) at 1200 UTC 26 November 1989 (c) at 0600 UTC 27 November 1989 (d) at 0000 UTC 28 November 1989 (e) at 1800 UTC 28 November 1989 (f) at 1200 UTC 29 November 1989 141
Figure 5-7. Comparison(Comparision) between measurements and model prediction in the Seoul area. The line is from the model prediction and The dot is from the measurements 146
Figure 6-1. The importance of CxHy/NOx ratio on oxidant concentrations 156
Figure 6-2. The importance of compositions of organics on oxidant concentration 157
Figure 6-3. Schematic diagram of day time chemistry of EM 160
Figure 6-4. Schematic diagram of night time chemistry of EM 164
Figure 6-5. The comparison of the calculated O₃ concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 170
Figure 6-6. The comparison of the calculated H₂O₂ concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 171
Figure 6-7. The comparison of the calculated OH concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 172
Figure 6-8. The comparison of the calculated HO₂ concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 173
Figure 6-9. The comparison of the calculated HNO₃ concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 174
Figure 6-10. The comparison of the calculated sulfate concentration of EM with those of STEM II (no cloud case) 175
Figure 6-11. The comparison of the sulfate production rate of EM with those of STEM II (with precipitation) 177