[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
Summary
List of Table
List of Figure
칼라
목차
제1장 서론 25
제2장 YONU GCM의 설계 29
제1절 모형의 특성 29
1. 수치적 특성(Numerical properties) 31
2. 지배 방정식 39
3. 구름 모수화 42
4. 복사 모수화 61
제2절 YONU GCM에 의한 1월과 7월 기후의 모사 71
1. 해면 기압 71
2. 지표 기온 73
3. 강수 78
4. 구름 분포 81
5. 외계로 방출되는 장파 복사 (OLR) 84
6. 순하향 복사 89
제3절 종합 및 토의 89
참고 문헌 91
제3장 해양 모형의 설계 99
제1절 해양 대순환 모형 99
제2절 해양 혼합층 모형 108
참고 문헌 129
제4장 결론 133
APPENDICES 137
(첨부 1) January and July Climate Simulation with the Yonsei University General Circulation Model 139
(첨부 2) Fractional Cloud Cover Estimation in a Large-scale Model with the Prognostic Cloud Scheme 141
(첨부 3) Impacts of Potential Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Volcanic Eruption on Seasonal UV-B Radiation at the Surface 143
(첨부 4) The Formation of a Seasonal Thermocline in the Oceanic Mixed Layer. 145
[title page etc.]
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 25
Chapter 2. Design of YONU GCM 29
Section 1. Model Characteristics 29
1. Numerical properties 31
2. Governing equations 39
3. Cloud parameterization 42
4. Radiation parameterization 61
Section 2. Simulation of January and July Climate 71
1. Sea level pressure 71
2. Surface air temperature 73
3. Precipitation 78
4. Cloud distribution 81
5. Outgoing longwave radiation 84
6. Net incoming radiation 89
Section 3. Summary and discussion 89
References 91
Chapter 3. Design of Ocean Models 99
Section 1. Ocean general circulation model 99
Section 2. Ocean mixed layer model 108
References 129
Chapter 4. Conclusion 133
Appendices 137
1. Abstract presented to IAMAP/IAHS'93 Yokohama Conference 139
2. Abstracts presented to IAMAP/IAHS'93 Yokohama Conference 141
3. Abstracts presented to IAMAP/IAHS'93 Yokohama Conference 143
4. Abstracts submitted to J. Phys. Oceanogr. 145
Table 2-1. Summary of Cloud Parameterization in GCMs (from Cess et al., 1990). 30
Table 2-2. Definition of variables and symbols used in the YONU GCM. 40
Table 2-3. Subdivision of the solar spectrum for YONU GCM. 66
Table 2-4. Discrete probability distribution of water vapor absorption coefficients. 66
Table 2-5. Absorption subbands for trace gases in the spectral bands of the major absorbers. 69
Table 3-1. model constants 107
Fig. 2-1. The continental outline and surface elevation with contours in units of 100m (upper panel) and surface type (lower panel) for the YONU GCM. 32
Fig. 2-2. The vertical indices and the position of vertical levels. The solid and dashed lines represent even and odd levels, respectively. Approximate pressure at the levels are shown at left in units of hPa when the surface pressure is 1000hPa. 34
Fig. 2-3. Five ways of distributing variables on the horizontal grids with i=longitudinal index and j=latitudinal index. (Taken from Arakawa and Lamb, 1977) u and v are horizontal components of wind, Φ the geopotential. 36
Fig. 2-4. Schematic figure of time integration.... 38
Fig. 2-5. The flow diagram of the convective adjustment scheme. 55
Fig. 2-6. Time evolution of the minimum surface pressure for the numerical experiment of a tropical cyclone with the convective adjustment scheme and simple method of removing grid-scale supersaturation(A20), the explicit method(BN20) and the... 57
Fig. 2-7(a) The fine and coarse mesh grids for the numerical experiment of the Indian southwest monsoon. 58
Fig. 2-7(b) The simulated horizontal wind speeds at the lowest model level at 00 UTC 25 June 1979 in the fine-mesh grid domain. Contour interval is 5 m/sec. 59
Fig. 2-8. Schematic representation of model layer showing the distinction between incoming and outgoing fluxes. A direct flux is denoted by (↓) and a diffuse flux by (→(이미지참조)). 63
Fig. 2-9. Absorbers accounted for the longwave radiation parameterization and their spectral subdivisions. 70
Fig. 2-10(a) January SLP. Upper, middle and lower figures show The model, climate, the observed climate and their difference, respectively. 72
Fig. 2-10(b) July SLP. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 74
Fig. 2-11(a) January SAT. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 75
Fig. 2-11(b) July SAT. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 76
Fig. 2-12(a) January precipitation. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 79
Fig. 2-12(b) July precipitation. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 80
Fig. 2-13(a) January clouds. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 82
Fig. 2-13(b) July clouds. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 83
Fig. 2-14(a) January OLR. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 85
Fig. 2-14(b) July OLR. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 86
Fig. 2-15(a) January net incoming radiation. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 87
Fig. 2-15(b) July net incoming radiation. Configuration same as in Fig. 2-10(a). 88
Fig. 3-1. Topography used in the oceanic general circulation model. 109
Fig. 3-2. (a) Annual mean transport streamfunction (t=1 yr). (b) Annual mean transport streamfunction (t=5 yr). (c) Annual mean transport streamfunction (t=10 yr). 110
Fig. 3-3. Horizontal mass transport stream function (×10⁴m³/s). A barotropic experimental result. Positive values represent clockwise flow. Heavy line represents Hcosec Φ = 6km. Transport through Drake Passage=22. Adapted from Cox (1975). 113
Fig. 3-4. The simulated volume transport function 90 days after inception of a barotropic spin-up. The isoclines(isolines) are drawn at intervals of 5×106m³/s(이미지참조) (=5 Sv), with a zero reference line dashed. Adapted from Kim(1979) 114
Fig. 3-5. Q=10-6m²s-³and u*=10-² ms-¹ with flux of turbulent kinetic energy; (a) time evolution of the vertical distribution of buoyancy,(이미지참조)... 122
Fig. 3-6. Q=10-6m²s-³ and u*=10-² ms-¹ without flux of turbulent kinetic energy; (a) time evolution of the vertical distribution of buoyancy,(이미지참조)... 123
Fig. 3-7. (a) diurnal cycle of the temperature in the oceanic mixed layer. (b) diurnal cycle of the temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer. 124
Fig. 3-8. (a) variation of the total dissipation within the mixed layer D with the Monin-Obukhov length scale L, (b) variation of the depth of a thermocline h with L. 127
Fig. 3-9. The variation of the flux Richardson number at the thermocline: u*=10-² ms-¹; (a) Q=10-6 m²s-³, (b) Q=5×10-7 m²s-³, (c) Q=2.5×10-7 m²s-³.(이미지참조) 128